How Treating Employees Well Impacts Profits and Sales Research Paper

How Treating Employees Well Impacts Profits and Sales - Research Paper Example Considering this, this paper will explore the justification behind rewarding representatives well to profit an association. In spite of the fact that there are a few different components to consider for an association to augment benefits, individuals liable for the administration of authoritative issues hold the most noteworthy incentive in moving towards the satisfaction of hierarchical objectives. The method of reasoning for Treating Employees Well There are a few reasons expressing why better treatment of representatives brings about improving occupation exhibitions, just as in augmenting benefits and deals. Truth be told, an investigation led by Leblebici (2012) on the effect of work environment quality on representative profitability reported that an association that treats representatives well will in general have an imaginative workforce that not just adds to the development of solid authoritative culture yet in addition produces top outcomes. For instance, if administrators o f an organization create and actualize an alluring remuneration plan for representatives, the outcome will be exceptionally positive for the organization as workers will in general make a solid effort to accomplish rewards and advantages remembered for the pay plan. This will bring about improved representative profitability, just as expanded deals and benefits for the organization. While discussing the reasons that make positive worker treatment beneficial for the accomplishment of authoritative objectives and destinations, let us talk about representative fulfillment which is one of the fundamental elements having joins with positive worker treatment and improved hierarchical execution. Every representative needs to in an association that comprehends the requirements of workers and take viable measures to address those issues. The degree of worker profitability is generally high in associations which regard the requirements of representatives and give them protected and adaptable work environment condition. Representatives profoundly add to the advancement of the association as long as they feel fulfillment with the working environment condition gave to them by their directors (Leblebici, 2012). For instance, in associations where representative wellbeing and advantages are viewed as basic for the advancement of association, the degree of worker execution goes high since workers become ready to focus more towards work as opposed to stressing over their expert life and security. Rewarding representatives well not just increments authoritative execution as far as expanded deals and benefits yet additionally brings more workers into an association. For instance, an association that treats its representatives well has a possibility of making a hierarchical culture that makes a decent image of the association. At the point when this occurs, representatives and different partners spread the news, and this urges other possible workers to go after jobs accessible in side the association. Employees don't care to work for an association that has poor of its way of life due to ill-advised representative treatment, for example, absence of pay plans and occupation uncertainty (Leblebici, 2012). Representatives don't go after positions inside such associations and attempt their karma with the associations that are known for their worker amicable culture.â

Critical Issues Concerning Deforestation and Its Environmental Effects Free Essays

Over portion of the worlds† timberlands have just been pulverized if the pace of deforestation isn't diminished, the woods will endure much more harm. Envision this; consistently twenty-six hectares (evaluated) of the woodland are obliterated, this is equivalent to thirty-seven football fields. The woodland isn't just the home to the absolute most significant species on earth, yet it likewise helps control the atmosphere and makes the planet capable for us to live in. We will compose a custom exposition test on Basic Issues Concerning Deforestation and Its Environmental Effects or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now The extending human populace has freed numerous from the trees, when covering a significant part of the earth, quite a while prior. Agribusiness incurred significant damage ahead of schedule of the scene, and now the once incredible backwoods are decreased to minor pockets dispersed all through the earth. As of late is the point at which the tropical backwoods have become under extreme assault of deforestation. Just 700 of the first one and a half billion hectares of the downpour timberland remain. At the turn of the twentieth century there was twice as much downpour woodland as there is today. Reasons for deforestation incorporate; business logging, leeway for horticulture, streets and railroads, woodland flames, mining and boring, fuelwood, and clearing land for living are only a portion of the principle reasons, of which we have not discovered the most noticeably terrible guilty party. The two most regular discovered purposes behind deforestation are moving development and business logging. The issue begins when the dirt turns out to be less fruitful from creatures touching and strolling more than once over the little land space. This not the danger to the backwoods be that as it may, the danger is the point at which the land isn't permitted sufficient opportunity to recoup and causes soil debasement. Felling of trees for charcoal, and clearing trees for mining and the extraction of oil are different variables prompting deforestation, yet are not considered as harming as moving development and business logging. In any case they are as yet a danger to the presence of the downpour woods. At the point when trees are cleared the topsoil dissolves in only multi decade, of which it took a large number of years to amass. The land is currently unusable and can prompt deplorable flooding since there is no dirt to absorb the downpour. The most shocking impact of deforestation is the impact it has on the earth†s atmosphere. The nursery impact and a dangerous atmospheric devation is brought about by the development of carbon dioxide in the air for the most part. The measure of carbon dioxide would be incredibly influenced by the devastation of the downpour woods; this would prompt a development in the air and in result would expand environmental change. A large portion of the consumed or decaying trees discharge considerably more carbon dioxide. Researchers accept that lone a little part of the plants and creatures that live in the downpour woodlands have been recognized, and of these are accepted to hold the solutions for the absolute most destructive sicknesses, for example, malignancy and helps. An undeniable arrangement would be for us to stop chopping down trees through and through, however it is highly unlikely we could do that. Backwoods the board plans are being utilized everywhere throughout the world, putting maintainability as the accentuation. These plans permit logging to occur by placing into the earth what we take out. These plans are completed so logging should be possible with the least suffering impacts occurring to the earth. A few pieces of the downpour timberlands, which are marked as unreasonably touchy for even very much oversaw logging, are confined as ensured regions. These secured zones alongside the assistance of authorized enactment, can be a powerful guard against the numerous issues that influence the downpour timberlands. The most significant advance in halting the procedure of deforestation is to illuminate and instruct the individuals whose activities either legitimately or in a roundabout way make an issue for the downpour woodlands. Created nations and their customers have to understand the staggering effects on the backwoods from which the items cause that they purchase. By doing this will be the main way we can stop the deforestation procedure and possibly in the long run invert it and the downpour timberlands will thrive. The most effective method to refer to Critical Issues Concerning Deforestation and Its Environmental Effects, Essay models

The Y2Y Global Youth Conference 2009 Essay Competition COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

The Y2Y Global Youth Conference 2009 Essay Competition COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The World Bank has been featured on this site before as an organization with opportunities for policy minded people.   We featured their Junior Professional Associates Program in a previous entry and we just became aware of another opportunity through the World Bank Youth 2 Youth Community (Y2Y).   Y2Y is sponsoring an essay competition on youth entrepreneurship. The focus on the essay is to elaborate on the following questions: What are the constraints to youth entrepreneurship in your country? Has the global crisis changed the dynamics? How can governments help young entrepreneurs to create and further develop their social and productive ventures? Full details on the competition can be found on the Y2Y Web site. The deadline to apply is September 22nd.   Winning a competition like this certainly would look good on a résumé   submitted as part of SIPA application . . .

Essay Coming of Age in Society - 609 Words

When growing up most of us has heard the saying, â€Å"the apple does not fall far from the tree.† This quote is intended to tell a child that he or she is reflecting a trait similar to their parent. This quote does not only reflect children as they mirror their parents, but also how a society mirrors its government. As a child grows, he or she is taught to act a certain way through reinforcements given by the parents. Reinforcements can be either positive or negative. A parent gives their child a yellow sticker to reward him or her for picking up their toys. This is an example of a positive reinforcement because the parent wants the child to repeat that behavior. If a parent takes away a child’s toy to teach him or her that it is wrong to be†¦show more content†¦When a driver is pulled over for speeding, their license is taken away; therefore negative reinforcement is being used. As a child grow up, he or she is usually lectured by their parent about rules. Rules about curfew, television hours, computer hours, study hours, chores, and more. These rules are set to help the child be more like the parent. If a parent does not like the act of burping and believes it is improper, he or she may stop a child burping for the purpose of making the child act like them, the parent might say no burping inside the house in a very strict manner. Similar to a government, a government will make rules to help make society be more like the government. For example, the constitution is full of laws to which we as a society are supposed to follow. These rules were made by the government and therefore are in favor of the government’s expected behavior. If our society follows them, then aren’t we acting in favor of their behavior, which is how they behave? Sometime apples will fall far from the tree though, these are the rebellions. Going against a parent’s teaching and behavioral expectation is seen as bad and rebellious. For example if parent told their child that ear piercings are not allowed and the child gets their ears pierced that following weekend he or she is not following their parent’s rule. In comparison society too, just as the child, can be rebellious. For example, when their was an amendment that banishedShow MoreRelatedAge Rituals For Females : The Bat Mitzvah, The Quinceanera, And The Sunrise Ceremony1422 Words   |  6 Pagesreached the coming of age and is celebrated through some type of ritual. I quote the coming of age because it is practiced differently from culture to culture. However, the underlying similarity is that it marks the time in which a child has reached a milestone in life that a society now views them as an adult. For this paper, I will investigate three coming of age rituals for femal es: the Bat Mitzvah, the Quinceanera, and the Sunrise Ceremony. To begin, the Bat Mitzvah is the coming of age ceremonyRead MoreComing of Age in Catcher in the Rye1139 Words   |  5 Pagesis a coming of age story. It is a story narrated by the protagonist, Holden Caulfield, who is a sixteen year old boy, but has a mind of a ten year old innocent kid. In the beginning he thinks of innocence as important, but later he realizes that growing up cannot be stopped. He wanders around the New York City by himself and gains experience of life that teaches him to become mature. This book is clearly written to show the theme of coming of age because it shows many symbols of coming of age, itRead MoreJeremy Abrams. Mr. Rau. English Iii. D Block. 02/24/17.1464 Words   |  6 Pages Jeremy Abrams Mr. Rau English III D Block 02/24/17 How Huck Left his Childhood Behind: A Coming of Age Narrative In society what is morally just and unjust have very different meanings and will take a child on different paths in the journey of life. The journey goes from moving away from society s prejudices to seeking the truth. Both actions have to be explored in order to grow as an individual. If chances are not taken in life, then maybe being morally unjust would not be challengingRead MorePuberty Blues, By Film And My Own Society And Culture1485 Words   |  6 PagesWhen examining the 1980s film Puberty Blues, using techniques of content analysis and personal reflection, I have observed certain differences and similarities between the culture depicted in the film and my own society and culture. The subject of the film is the journey that two young people go on as they transition from adolescence into adulthood, I will be outlining what exactly that means. There are a number of societal concepts that have changed over time, these changes are clearly exhibitedRead MoreWomanhood and Coming of Age in Madeleine L. Engle ´s A Wrinkle in Time1007 Words   |  5 PagesL’Engle first published A Wrinkle in Time in 1962, women’s place in society differed greatly than what L’Engle portrays in her novel. L’Engle broke barriers of the time with her portrayal of women in A Wrinkle in Time. The novel is infused with the themes of womanhood and coming of age. To be more specific, it is a novel which is thoroughly blended with the strengths of womanhood and with the concept that how women in a society can bring forth specific positive changes. The protagonist, Meg MurryRead MoreComing Of Age In Boys And Girls By Alice Munro844 Words   |  4 Pageshave done on coming of age, I have learned that coming of age is a lot like a milestone in life. It happens when we mature or become more knowledgeable and it can happen no mat ter what age we are. The story, â€Å"Boys and Girls†, by Alice Munro, shows us the perfect example of coming of age and is also a story that left a lasting impression on me because of it feminist aspect of a girl’s life. Coming of age is our minds and bodies evolving into a more mature person. It isn’t based off age, but more ofRead MoreConflict In Native Son914 Words   |  4 PagesMary Dalton (the daughter of his administrator). Thomas had killed her by accident because it was led by his fears. This lead his coming of age and ultimately shaped his outcome. The type of conflicts that are developed in the novel are man versus man, man versus society and man versus self. Native Son demonstrates different types of conflicts which lead his coming of age and ultimately shaped his outcome. Rage and fear ultimately shaped his outcome. In the first part of the book it mentioned, â€Å"MaybeRead MoreViolence And Violence In The Second Coming By William Butler Yeats1330 Words   |  6 PagesYeats wrote â€Å"The Second Coming† shortly after World War I devastated life on Earth in 1919. As Europe progressed to rebuild itself after the end of the war, the future of humanity hung in the balance as humans needed to learn from the mistakes of past generations, otherwise they would face the end of the human race. Throughout his lifetime, Yeats witnessed the degradation of the value of human life and man’s natural instincts of violence through the ferocious conflicts of World War I, the RussianRead MoreThe Bell Jar Analysis750 Words   |  3 PagesFor most adolescents, the coming-of-age period can challenging and painful. For Esther Greenwood in â€Å"The Bell Jar† by Sylvia Plath, however, coming-of-age is literally life-threatening. As she notices the differences between herself and her friends and attempts to find meaning in her life, Esther regresses into madness, and then makes several unsuccessful attempts to end her life using various means. The source of Esther’s discontent, however, is never entirely clear. In, â€Å"The Bell Jar† by SylviaRead MoreEssay about Taming of the Shrew: Movie vs. Play807 Words   |  4 Pages William Shakespeares The Taming of the Shrew is an interesting story that demonstrates the patriarchal ideas of how a marriage is suppose to be according to society, what is acceptable of a womans role in a relationship. Its a story that has many things to show for its been remade, and remade, even slightly altered to better relate to the teenage audience. The story is about two sisters Katherine and Bianca. Bianca has a suitor who would like to marry her, Lucentio, but the only

Schizophrenia Types, Symptoms, Medications, Treatment...

HISTORY EPIDEMIOLOGY CLINICAL FEATURES COURSE PROGNOSIS DIAGNOSTIC TYPES ETIOLOGY NEUROPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES GENETICS DOPAMINE HYPOTHESIS OTHER NEUROTRANSM1TTER SYSTEMS TREATMENT Schizophrenia is sometimes considered the most devastating of the mental illnesses because its onset is early in a patient’s life, and its symptoms can be destructive to the patient and to the patient’s family and friends. Although schizophrenia is usually discussed as if it were a single disease, this diagnostic category can include a variety of disorders that present with somewhat similar behavioral symptoms. Schizophrenia probably comprises a group of disorders with heterogeneous causes and definitely includes patients whose clinical†¦show more content†¦Since the parents of schizophrenics have a social class distribution similar to that of the general population, lower position of the patients appears to be as a result of the illness rather than as a cause. Since the highest incidence of schizophrenia is in young people, whose illnesses often become chronic, the number of cases is constantly increasing. Seventy percent of schizophrenics become ill between 15 and 35 years, and the illness affects males more than females. Peak onset in males lies between 15 and 24 years and in females between 25 and 35 years. There are slight ethnic differences with a high incidence in the Scandinavian countries and in non-whites. The chronicity of the illness presents an enormous cost. A recent study notes that although schizophrenia affects only one twelfth as many persons as myocardial infarction, the cost is six times as great. CLINICAL FEATURES: The two most common affective presentations of schizophrenia are reduced emotional responsiveness or even anhedonia and overly active and inappropriate emotions. Feeling tones include blunted affect and ambivalence, anxiety, terror, perplexity, or exaltation. Hallucinations may occur in any of the five sensory modalities. Auditory hallucinations are the most common and the patient may complain of hearing one or more voices which may be threatening, obscene, accusatory, or insulting. Illusions may also occur which may beShow MoreRelatedSchizophrenia: Types, Symptoms, Medications, Treatment Essay2472 Words   |  10 Pages Schizophrenia is a neurological disorder that affects the cognitive functions of an individual. The cause of this illness is unknown, but there are several theories of how an individual may acquire schizophrenia. Because there are many symptoms of the disease and because the symptoms can vary quite dramatically among several individuals and even within the same individual over time, the diagnosis of schizophrenia can be quite difficult. In the United States and Europe, schizophrenia occursRead MoreIs Schizophrenia A Unique Mental Disorder?1335 Words   |  6 PagesHealth Reference Series, schizophrenia affects 1.1% of the US population and the majority of those who suffer with schizophrenia go untreated or are unaware that they even have the disorder. Approximately 2,200,000 people in the United States suffer from schizophrenia, and they have a lifespan 20% shorter than those who do not have schizophrenia (Fentress, Moller 1). Schizophrenia is a unique mental disorder that is made up of distinctive characteristics, causes, signs and symptoms, and requires specificRead MoreSchizophrenia: Treatment and Diagnosis Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pages Schizophrenia: Treatment and Diagnosis In 1809, physician John Haslam published an account of what he considered â€Å"A form of insanity†. Haslam described many symptoms that are relevant to modern day schizophrenia including delusions of grandeur and hallucinations. During the latter part of the nineteenth century, a German psychiatrist named Emil Kraepelin expanded on Haslam’s views and gave a more accurate description of schizophrenia as we know it today. Kraeplin startedRead MoreEssay on Compare and Contrast Two Mental Illnesses1273 Words   |  6 PagesSchizophrenia vs. Bipolar Disorder Page 1 Schizophrenia vs. Bipolar Disorder Angela M. Powell English Composition I Kim Elliott-White April 18, 2011 Schizophrenia vs. Bipolar Disorder Page 2 Brain disorders are commonly misunderstood due to the actions of the person living with the disorder. Education about brain disorders should decrease the misunderstanding of the disorders, and increase the supportRead MoreSchizophrenia And Modern Treatments.935 Words   |  4 Pages Schizophrenia and Modern Treatments Shelby Kaseman University of Toledo Mental illnesses are becoming more and more prominent in the lives of people today. The most common of these illnesses are mood disorders such as depression or bipolar disorder. However, schizophrenia, which is not a mood disorder, affects the lives of many people as well. Treatment is a very important part of any illness, but this is especially true when it comes to schizophrenia. Without the proper treatment, people dealingRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1238 Words   |  5 Pagesdiagnosed with them. Although there are many neurological diseases, schizophrenia is one of them. Schizophrenia is one of the more known disorders in the psychological world. Throughout this paper the following questions are answered: what is schizophrenia, what are the causes of schizophrenia, what are some of the types of schizophrenia, and what are the treatment options for those who are diagnosed with schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a disabling disorder and is chronic and severe to those thatRead MoreSchizophreni A Complex Psychological Disorder990 Words   |  4 PagesThe word schizophrenia means split mind and was first used in 1911 by Eugen Bleuler. According to Paul Eugen Bleuler and the origin of the term schizophrenia as the disease becomes distinct, the personality loses it unity. Originally it was meant to describe patients whose thoughts and emotions seemed disconnected or disrupted. Unlike the meaning of the word schizophrenia, it has nothing to do with split personalities. Schizophrenia is a complex psychological disorder that can be characterizedRead MoreSymptoms, And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1413 Words   |  6 PagesOverview, Symptoms, and Treatment for Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that is affecting people’s lives every day. There isn’t a cure for this disorder and it is lifelong. Schizophrenia can affect a person’s thoughts, emotions, and actions. People with this disorder can have a hard time figuring out what is real and what isn’t real. A common side effect to schizophrenia is hallucinations and delusions. Another common side effect is social withdrawal, which means that they avoid socialRead MoreTreatment Options For Schizophreni Symptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1479 Words   |  6 PagesTreatment Through time, scientists and doctors have created various treatment options for schizophrenia based off scientific theories in their time. At one point physicians would perform brain surgery to remove a portion of brain from an individual suffering with schizophrenia that was responsible for the hallucinations and delusions the individual would experience. Although the surgery might have decreased the amount of hallucinations and delusions experienced by the individual, it led to cognitiveRead MoreA Brief Look at Schizophrenia1765 Words   |  7 PagesSchizophrenia Socially the term Schizophrenia has a certain caricature about it that society has turned into a very serious social stigma. Many associate the disorder with criminals, nut houses, and extreme uncontrollable violence. Schizophrenia is portrayed in literature, and in movies so horrendously negative that those who experience symptoms of this very serious mental disorder can be in a stage of denial that can ultimately cause them to go undiagnosed, that is until something goes wrong.

Tule Lake Internment Camp Free Essays

string(144) " military but staffed with Nipponese Americans to make the work and supply services for the big cantonment that held 18700 Nipponese Americans\." Tule Lake Internment Camp Introduction: For my concluding paper I researched and will discourse the Nipponese internment cantonment that was located in Tule lake California during World War 2. Tule lake War Relocation Center, one of 10 concentration cantonments constructed in 1942 by the United States authorities to imprison Nipponese Americans, forcibly removed from their places on the West Coast every bit good as other parts of the United States. The Tule lake internment cantonment totaled about 18700 people, two-thirds of whom were United States citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on Tule Lake Internment Camp or any similar topic only for you Order Now Executive Order 9066, issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in early 1942 as a response to the onslaught on Pearl Harbor, authorized set uping an Exclusion Zone on the West Coast, from which local military governments could take certain populations under wartime exigency ( ‘Oregon Responds to World War II: Behind the Fence: Life in the Internment Camp’ , n.d. ) . The first evacuees came from the Portland and Puyallup Assembly Centers to assist with the initial set up of the cantonment, and as the cantonment grew, more people arrived from Southwestern Oregon, Western Washington and the Sacramento country in California. The cantonment began being built in April and began to be occupied by May with the 1stof the Nipponese Americans held at the cantonment. The Nipponese American’s and their households had to pack up and travel into the internment cantonments with small of their properties. They were merely allowed two bags per individual, the older kids had to transport the properties of their younger siblings who were non strong plenty to transport their ain. This limited even more of what the households could convey with them to the cantonments. Being forced out of their communities and places the Japanese Americans lost what small ownerships they may hold acquired. When the war was over and they returned place to happen out they had los t everything and had to get down over reconstructing their lives. Housing Conditionss for the Nipponese Americans: The lodging conditions the Nipponese Americans were put into were hapless. The barracks that housed the internees were merely boarded up hovels with seams open to the environment. The edifices were built by the internees and have been documented to hold one built every 10 proceedingss to maintain up with the changeless inflow of geting Nipponese Americans. The barracks merely had a military fingerstall, heavy wool covers and a coal range for heat. The barracks had no pluming or running H2O for the internees. There was no furniture provided, any chairs or chest of drawerss were built by the internees from bit wood left over from the barracks. All of the internees had to wait in lines for showers and to utilize the bathrooms for hours at a clip. It was non any easier when it came to repasts, it was similar state of affairs for all in the cantonment. Most of the wooden edifices that were the masters have fallen down or hold decayed beyond fix. For the most portion you can see the wharfs or the concrete pes print were the edifices one time stood. The concrete edifice that was the stockade is still standing every bit good as some of the original waste intervention workss but it is besides get downing to crumple. The country is a beautiful country in the state with positions of the unfastened farming area with Mt. Shasta to the South. The beauty of the country was noted by the Japanese Americans upon reaching to the cantonment as stated by Hiroshi Kashiwagi, 2003, recalls beautiful skies that he wished he could take exposures of but cameras were non allowed in the cantonment ( ‘Tule Lake Internment – Segregation Center Videos |’ , 2003. ) . The entire country in which the cantonment was situated was 1.0 ten 1.5 stat mis in the Tule Lake part. The cantonments were broken down into subdivisions that housed 300 to 500 people in a subdivision. The edifices were 20? ten 25? suites were intended for seven, 20? ten 20? suites were for five and 20? tens 16? suites were for four. Not really large and at times more people were in the edifices due to holding a larger household. The subdivisions had their ain bathroom country and shower country for everyone to utilize. They besides had a cardinal cafeteria for everyone to eat at. As you can conceive of there was uninterrupted long lines for utilizing the bathrooms and being able to eat ( ‘Oregon Responds to World War II: Behind the Fence: Life in the Internment Camp’ , n.d. ) . The first twelvemonth of the cantonments the bare castanetss barracks did non hold any insularity or Sheetrock to seal out the conditions conditions. In Tule Lake being that the country is Alpine Desert the summers can be hot and dry with blowing dust storms. The winters can be cold with big sums of blowing snow. The country is unfastened with no trees or hills to interrupt up the air current and conditions. This make the conditions tough and utmost at clip during the twelvemonth. After many months of complaining by the internees in the barracks the U.S. authorities decided to let the barracks to hold sheet stone on the walls to assist with the hapless conditions of the barracks. The roof every bit good as the floor were still left unfinished but the Nipponese Americans were happy to hold a small better conditions in the barracks. The subdivisions besides had their ain school houses for the kids who were at the cantonments. The instruction provided to the kids was basic and allowed them to non fall behind others who were non being detained by the U.S. authorities. In the internment cantonment at Tule Lake, the U.S. authorities every bit good as the local authorities took advantage of accomplishments of the Nipponese Americans being held at that place. The U.S. authorities set up builders, public-service corporation workers and its ain constabulary force overseen by the military but staffed with Nipponese Americans to make the work and supply services for the big cantonment that held 18700 Nipponese Americans. You read "Tule Lake Internment Camp" in category "Essay examples" Working within the Camp: The Nipponese Americans would besides procure their ain meat and veggies for the cantonment every bit good as for others since the land around the Tule lake country was some of most fertile dirt in the U.S. The farm land within every bit good as the husbandmans around the cantonment who took advantage of the inexpensive labour grew a assortment of veggies that included boodle, Beta vulgariss, murphies, etc. The internment cantonment besides had a big pig farm, dairy and poulet spread within the cantonment. The Nipponese detainees would work the Fieldss and pig farms, dairy and poulet spread. There was besides a processing works for the pigs where the meat was processed for the internees. The figure of Nipponese Americans employed at the cantonment included 800 undertaking farm work ; 500 building ; 400 care work forces which includes janitor and refuse disposers ; 800 repositing and other transit ; 350 cooks and cooks ‘ assistants ; and 410 wardens, firemen, and other Civic wor kers ; and at least 100 infirmary employees, a sum of 3,360 were employed out of about 13000-18700 people. As mentioned above the Japanese Americans in the cantonment held places within the cantonment and were overseen by military every bit good as local governments in Tule Lake. The work forces and adult females would work assorted places as builders, public-service corporation worker, labours, Masons, meat processors, cooks and anyplace else needed to maintain the little metropolis running every bit smooth as possible. The workers there were paid a pay that was far less than their white counter parts who besides worked in the cantonment and environing country of Tule lake. There was a little general shop in the cantonment known as the â€Å"canteen† that toilet articless and other necessities could be bought by the internees. If they had any excess money some newspapers as magazines could be purchased but most of clip no 1 could afford to purchase them. The Nipponese Americans were allowed to order vesture from Sears’s catalogs every bit good as from Woolworths and other c atalog shops. In the cantonment the internees the professionals received $ 19 a month. Average workers were paid $ 16 and labourers toiled for $ 12 a month. For the white professionals working in the cantonment such as physicians and sawboness were having $ 400 a month for the same work. This was capable that created animus within the cantonment since the internees had higher instruction degrees than the white professionals. The Nipponese Americans had no pick but to take the work or have no income at all. This type of intervention did non settle good with the internees ( ‘Tule Lake Internment – Segregation Center Videos |’ , n.d. ) . Meals provided at the Tule lake cantonment: The repasts provided to the internees was the really basic necessities for them to last. A sample of a bill of fare in the cantonment: Monday: Delta Breakfast: stewed dried fruit, farina with hot milk, French toast with sirup, chocolate, milk. Delta Lunch: baked macaroni and cheese, steamed rice, tsukemono ( pickled veggies ) , boiled fresh veggies, boodle salad, orange, staff of life, tea. Delta Dinner:fresh fried fish, boiled maize, steamed rice, pickled fresh Beta vulgariss, butterscotch sweet. Tuesday: Delta Breakfast:half Citrus paradisi, rolled oats with milk, hot bars with sirup, chocolate, java, and milk. Delta Lunch: boiled beef-spanish manner, steamed rice, tsukemono, boodle salad, apple tea. Delta Dinner: beef sukiyaki ( a kind of Nipponese chop suey ) , steamed rice, tsukemono, murphy salad, spice bar, tea. Wednesday: Delta Breakfast: stewed dried fruit, dry cereal with milk, French toast with sirup, java, tea, and milk. Delta Lunch: Boston baked beans, boiled fresh veggies, steamed rice, tsukemono, boodle salad, orange, staff of life, and tea. Delta Dinner: fried fresh fish, steamed rice, tsukemono, cole slaw, fruit Jell-O, tea ( ‘Oregon Responds to World War II: Behind the Fence: Life in the Internment Camp’ , n.d. ) . If a household had income from working they could travel to the canteen and purchase other nutrient to take back to the barracks. The nutrient they could buy was bacon, eggs, pancake mix and other meats to cook on a hot home base or on the warming range in their barracks. This was non the instance for most households since merely 45-65 % of the Nipponese Americans had employment in the cantonment. This was difficult for the little kids as they were able to smell the nutrient and would inquire their parents why they could non hold the same thing. Their parents would hold to explicate to them they could non afford to purchase those points form the canteen. It was hard for the parents and kids who could non afford to eat anything other than the repasts that were prepared in the muss hall on a day-to-day footing. The repasts many households had been accustom to before being detained were a distant memory for all of the internees. Decision: Researching and watching pictures from early 2000’s of a few of the internees when they were invited to revisit the cantonment and have their narratives documented was saddening to watch for me. I was amazed that the Nipponese Americans would even desire to return to a topographic point they were held confined against their will for 4+ old ages as kids. Many of them had lost everything they had acquired before being detained. Visiting the site for myself I could see the beauty that surrounded them that Jimi Yamaichi has described. Though being in a unfavourable state of affairs at the cantonment due to high unemployment and hapless life conditions Jimi Yamaichi still had a smiling as radius non severely of how he was treated but about thankful to hold survived and was able to do the most of bad state of affairs that our U.S. authorities handed to the Nipponese Americans during World War 2. Work Cited: Oregon Responds to World War II: Behind the Fence: Life in the Internment Camp. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved 3 June 2015, from hypertext transfer protocol: //arcweb.sos.state.or.us/pages/exhibits/ww2/threat/internment.htm Tule Lake Internment – Segregation Center Videos | . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved 31 May 2015, from hypertext transfer protocol: //tule-lake.com/internment/ How to cite Tule Lake Internment Camp, Essay examples

Tule Lake Internment Camp Free Essays

string(144) " military but staffed with Nipponese Americans to make the work and supply services for the big cantonment that held 18700 Nipponese Americans\." Tule Lake Internment Camp Introduction: For my concluding paper I researched and will discourse the Nipponese internment cantonment that was located in Tule lake California during World War 2. Tule lake War Relocation Center, one of 10 concentration cantonments constructed in 1942 by the United States authorities to imprison Nipponese Americans, forcibly removed from their places on the West Coast every bit good as other parts of the United States. The Tule lake internment cantonment totaled about 18700 people, two-thirds of whom were United States citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on Tule Lake Internment Camp or any similar topic only for you Order Now Executive Order 9066, issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in early 1942 as a response to the onslaught on Pearl Harbor, authorized set uping an Exclusion Zone on the West Coast, from which local military governments could take certain populations under wartime exigency ( ‘Oregon Responds to World War II: Behind the Fence: Life in the Internment Camp’ , n.d. ) . The first evacuees came from the Portland and Puyallup Assembly Centers to assist with the initial set up of the cantonment, and as the cantonment grew, more people arrived from Southwestern Oregon, Western Washington and the Sacramento country in California. The cantonment began being built in April and began to be occupied by May with the 1stof the Nipponese Americans held at the cantonment. The Nipponese American’s and their households had to pack up and travel into the internment cantonments with small of their properties. They were merely allowed two bags per individual, the older kids had to transport the properties of their younger siblings who were non strong plenty to transport their ain. This limited even more of what the households could convey with them to the cantonments. Being forced out of their communities and places the Japanese Americans lost what small ownerships they may hold acquired. When the war was over and they returned place to happen out they had los t everything and had to get down over reconstructing their lives. Housing Conditionss for the Nipponese Americans: The lodging conditions the Nipponese Americans were put into were hapless. The barracks that housed the internees were merely boarded up hovels with seams open to the environment. The edifices were built by the internees and have been documented to hold one built every 10 proceedingss to maintain up with the changeless inflow of geting Nipponese Americans. The barracks merely had a military fingerstall, heavy wool covers and a coal range for heat. The barracks had no pluming or running H2O for the internees. There was no furniture provided, any chairs or chest of drawerss were built by the internees from bit wood left over from the barracks. All of the internees had to wait in lines for showers and to utilize the bathrooms for hours at a clip. It was non any easier when it came to repasts, it was similar state of affairs for all in the cantonment. Most of the wooden edifices that were the masters have fallen down or hold decayed beyond fix. For the most portion you can see the wharfs or the concrete pes print were the edifices one time stood. The concrete edifice that was the stockade is still standing every bit good as some of the original waste intervention workss but it is besides get downing to crumple. The country is a beautiful country in the state with positions of the unfastened farming area with Mt. Shasta to the South. The beauty of the country was noted by the Japanese Americans upon reaching to the cantonment as stated by Hiroshi Kashiwagi, 2003, recalls beautiful skies that he wished he could take exposures of but cameras were non allowed in the cantonment ( ‘Tule Lake Internment – Segregation Center Videos |’ , 2003. ) . The entire country in which the cantonment was situated was 1.0 ten 1.5 stat mis in the Tule Lake part. The cantonments were broken down into subdivisions that housed 300 to 500 people in a subdivision. The edifices were 20? ten 25? suites were intended for seven, 20? ten 20? suites were for five and 20? tens 16? suites were for four. Not really large and at times more people were in the edifices due to holding a larger household. The subdivisions had their ain bathroom country and shower country for everyone to utilize. They besides had a cardinal cafeteria for everyone to eat at. As you can conceive of there was uninterrupted long lines for utilizing the bathrooms and being able to eat ( ‘Oregon Responds to World War II: Behind the Fence: Life in the Internment Camp’ , n.d. ) . The first twelvemonth of the cantonments the bare castanetss barracks did non hold any insularity or Sheetrock to seal out the conditions conditions. In Tule Lake being that the country is Alpine Desert the summers can be hot and dry with blowing dust storms. The winters can be cold with big sums of blowing snow. The country is unfastened with no trees or hills to interrupt up the air current and conditions. This make the conditions tough and utmost at clip during the twelvemonth. After many months of complaining by the internees in the barracks the U.S. authorities decided to let the barracks to hold sheet stone on the walls to assist with the hapless conditions of the barracks. The roof every bit good as the floor were still left unfinished but the Nipponese Americans were happy to hold a small better conditions in the barracks. The subdivisions besides had their ain school houses for the kids who were at the cantonments. The instruction provided to the kids was basic and allowed them to non fall behind others who were non being detained by the U.S. authorities. In the internment cantonment at Tule Lake, the U.S. authorities every bit good as the local authorities took advantage of accomplishments of the Nipponese Americans being held at that place. The U.S. authorities set up builders, public-service corporation workers and its ain constabulary force overseen by the military but staffed with Nipponese Americans to make the work and supply services for the big cantonment that held 18700 Nipponese Americans. You read "Tule Lake Internment Camp" in category "Essay examples" Working within the Camp: The Nipponese Americans would besides procure their ain meat and veggies for the cantonment every bit good as for others since the land around the Tule lake country was some of most fertile dirt in the U.S. The farm land within every bit good as the husbandmans around the cantonment who took advantage of the inexpensive labour grew a assortment of veggies that included boodle, Beta vulgariss, murphies, etc. The internment cantonment besides had a big pig farm, dairy and poulet spread within the cantonment. The Nipponese detainees would work the Fieldss and pig farms, dairy and poulet spread. There was besides a processing works for the pigs where the meat was processed for the internees. The figure of Nipponese Americans employed at the cantonment included 800 undertaking farm work ; 500 building ; 400 care work forces which includes janitor and refuse disposers ; 800 repositing and other transit ; 350 cooks and cooks ‘ assistants ; and 410 wardens, firemen, and other Civic wor kers ; and at least 100 infirmary employees, a sum of 3,360 were employed out of about 13000-18700 people. As mentioned above the Japanese Americans in the cantonment held places within the cantonment and were overseen by military every bit good as local governments in Tule Lake. The work forces and adult females would work assorted places as builders, public-service corporation worker, labours, Masons, meat processors, cooks and anyplace else needed to maintain the little metropolis running every bit smooth as possible. The workers there were paid a pay that was far less than their white counter parts who besides worked in the cantonment and environing country of Tule lake. There was a little general shop in the cantonment known as the â€Å"canteen† that toilet articless and other necessities could be bought by the internees. If they had any excess money some newspapers as magazines could be purchased but most of clip no 1 could afford to purchase them. The Nipponese Americans were allowed to order vesture from Sears’s catalogs every bit good as from Woolworths and other c atalog shops. In the cantonment the internees the professionals received $ 19 a month. Average workers were paid $ 16 and labourers toiled for $ 12 a month. For the white professionals working in the cantonment such as physicians and sawboness were having $ 400 a month for the same work. This was capable that created animus within the cantonment since the internees had higher instruction degrees than the white professionals. The Nipponese Americans had no pick but to take the work or have no income at all. This type of intervention did non settle good with the internees ( ‘Tule Lake Internment – Segregation Center Videos |’ , n.d. ) . Meals provided at the Tule lake cantonment: The repasts provided to the internees was the really basic necessities for them to last. A sample of a bill of fare in the cantonment: Monday: Delta Breakfast: stewed dried fruit, farina with hot milk, French toast with sirup, chocolate, milk. Delta Lunch: baked macaroni and cheese, steamed rice, tsukemono ( pickled veggies ) , boiled fresh veggies, boodle salad, orange, staff of life, tea. Delta Dinner:fresh fried fish, boiled maize, steamed rice, pickled fresh Beta vulgariss, butterscotch sweet. Tuesday: Delta Breakfast:half Citrus paradisi, rolled oats with milk, hot bars with sirup, chocolate, java, and milk. Delta Lunch: boiled beef-spanish manner, steamed rice, tsukemono, boodle salad, apple tea. Delta Dinner: beef sukiyaki ( a kind of Nipponese chop suey ) , steamed rice, tsukemono, murphy salad, spice bar, tea. Wednesday: Delta Breakfast: stewed dried fruit, dry cereal with milk, French toast with sirup, java, tea, and milk. Delta Lunch: Boston baked beans, boiled fresh veggies, steamed rice, tsukemono, boodle salad, orange, staff of life, and tea. Delta Dinner: fried fresh fish, steamed rice, tsukemono, cole slaw, fruit Jell-O, tea ( ‘Oregon Responds to World War II: Behind the Fence: Life in the Internment Camp’ , n.d. ) . If a household had income from working they could travel to the canteen and purchase other nutrient to take back to the barracks. The nutrient they could buy was bacon, eggs, pancake mix and other meats to cook on a hot home base or on the warming range in their barracks. This was non the instance for most households since merely 45-65 % of the Nipponese Americans had employment in the cantonment. This was difficult for the little kids as they were able to smell the nutrient and would inquire their parents why they could non hold the same thing. Their parents would hold to explicate to them they could non afford to purchase those points form the canteen. It was hard for the parents and kids who could non afford to eat anything other than the repasts that were prepared in the muss hall on a day-to-day footing. The repasts many households had been accustom to before being detained were a distant memory for all of the internees. Decision: Researching and watching pictures from early 2000’s of a few of the internees when they were invited to revisit the cantonment and have their narratives documented was saddening to watch for me. I was amazed that the Nipponese Americans would even desire to return to a topographic point they were held confined against their will for 4+ old ages as kids. Many of them had lost everything they had acquired before being detained. Visiting the site for myself I could see the beauty that surrounded them that Jimi Yamaichi has described. Though being in a unfavourable state of affairs at the cantonment due to high unemployment and hapless life conditions Jimi Yamaichi still had a smiling as radius non severely of how he was treated but about thankful to hold survived and was able to do the most of bad state of affairs that our U.S. authorities handed to the Nipponese Americans during World War 2. Work Cited: Oregon Responds to World War II: Behind the Fence: Life in the Internment Camp. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved 3 June 2015, from hypertext transfer protocol: //arcweb.sos.state.or.us/pages/exhibits/ww2/threat/internment.htm Tule Lake Internment – Segregation Center Videos | . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved 31 May 2015, from hypertext transfer protocol: //tule-lake.com/internment/ How to cite Tule Lake Internment Camp, Essay examples

Public and Private Transport free essay sample

A comparison and contrast essay on private and public means of transport Cost * Private transportation by far is the more expensive option. The biggest cost of owning your own vehicle is the purchase price. Additionally, general maintenance such as oil changes, filling the gas tank and auto insurance are ongoing costs of owning a car. Car repairs and parking fees are also sometimes necessary. When choosing public transportation, you pay per ride and the fee is usually quite small, plus you eliminate the maintenance and operating costs associated with having a car. Convenience * Public transportation, such as buses and trains, operates on a set schedule with specific stops, so convenience may be an issue, especially if you live in a place with infrequent or spotty service. You need to take the schedule into account when planning your travel. If you choose to take your own vehicle, youre able to come and go as you please. We will write a custom essay sample on Public and Private Transport or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page * Comfort * Many people feel theyll be more comfortable in their private vehicle. In your car, youre be able to adjust the seat for the highest level of comfort and you can control of the temperature within your car. However, the stress of driving in traffic can make public transportation seem more comfortable. When taking public transportation, you can sit back and relax without worrying about traffic congestion, finding a parking space or dealing with other drivers. Convenient The great thing about public transport is that it gets you where you want to be, when you want to be there, particularly in cities and towns. Rather than only being able to drive to a certain point before getting stuck in a one way system, you can reach your central point directly. Plus you get the bonus of sitting back, relaxing with a newspaper and letting someone else do the driving. Quicker Despite their tendency to get delayed at times, in the majority of instances, your journey from A to B will be quick and often direct as more and more investment is made into new train, tram and bus routes across the UK. Cheaper Contrary to popular belief, nearly all forms of public transport pose less of a cost to the traveller. If you’re regularly visiting a place, or planning a trip in advance, you can get season tickets or advance booked tickets for a cheaper price. The cost of running a car goes much further than the mere cost of petrol, which in itself can be very expensive in the UK. Getting on public transport means no congestion charges, car insurance and tax costs, plus eradicates the expense of maintaining your car to a high standard.

How has the Commercial Banking essays

How has the Commercial Banking essays How has the commercial banking industry transformed over the last fifty years? What are the forces behind such a transformation? Explain in light of environment, risks, profits, and regulations. Highlight the changes in the assets and liabilities of commercial banking. The commercial banking industry began to change drastically around the 1960s. Because the economy was growing rapidly so did the demand for loans. The commercial banking industry main challenge prior to 1960 was finding excess loans and after 1960 their main concern was finding enough deposits to satisfy this increased demand for loans. This increased demand for loans spurred competition among banks in that they tried to outbid each others deposit rates. In an effort to prevent this destructive competition the Federal Reserve passed Regulation Q. Regulation Q was the Federal Reserves way of imposing a ceiling on deposit rates which intended to promote stability among banks. However, one of the major downfalls of Regulation Q was its exclusion of market interest rates. When market interest rates went up money market instruments such as T-Bills and commercial paper became more attractive to investors, specifically Corporations. Because these high-quality borrowers decided to invest i n commercial paper banks were forced to lend to riskier individuals. Moreover, the financial landscape of the commercial banking industry changed largely in part due to the invention of Money Market Mutual Fund in 1971. This marked the beginning of the end for Regulation Q. Money Market Mutual Funds allowed small investors to pool funds to buy a diversified portfolio of money market instruments, such as T-Bills, commercial paper, and negotiable certificates of deposits (CDs). Before the availability of Money Market Mutual Funds it was virtually impossible for small investors to invest in these instruments because they were only sold in large den...

The Best AP US History Review Guide

The Best AP US History Review Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It's hard to know where to start with your AP US History review. It's one of the tougher APs based on the thinking skills it requires and the amount of content it covers. You can't just read over your notes and expect to get a high score. In this guide, I'll give you a basic outline of what's on the exam, provide study tips, and lay out a step-by-step prep plan that you can customize to your needs. What’s the Format of the AP US History Exam? First off, you should know the basics of what you're dealing with on this test. The total length of the exam is threehours and 15 minutes, so it’s on the longer side compared to other AP tests. Here's a layout of the timing and significance of each section: Section 1 - Multiple Choice (Also Includes Short Answer) 55 multiple-choice questions 55 minutes 40 percent of your score Four short-answer questions 50 minutes 20 percent of your score One hour 45 minutes total Section 2 - Free Response One document-based question 55 minutes 25 percent of your score One long essay question 35 minutes 15 percent of your score One hour 30 minutes total What Do Questions Look Like on the AP US History Exam? In this section, I'll give a brief overview of each type of question you can expect see on the exam. It's important to understand the different formats and point distributions before diving into your review of the course content. This way, you can tailor your review to the actual requirements of the test! Multiple Choice Multiple choice questions always ask you to apply your knowledge of US History in the context of a historical document.These documents might include images or pieces of writing, and several questions are asked about each one. Here’s an example: The passage mentions that Whitefield came over to the British colonies from Ireland and became an immensely popular itinerant preacher.This suggests that religious culture was shaped by choice C, â€Å"trans-Atlantic exchanges.†Although some of the other choices aren’t completely invalid if you just looked at the question without the excerpt, the evidence provided therein leads us directly to choice C.This question shows howimportant it is toread very carefully on the test! Short Answer There are also four short-answer questions on the first part of the test.These are multi-part questions that can be answered in just a few sentences.They usually rely on written excerpts or other types of historical documents, just like multiple-choice questions.Here’s an example: Part (a): In this part, you got one point for understanding the two viewpoints well enough to identify a major difference between them.You might answer with the following statement: Adams felt that the revolutionary spirit that led to fighting was the real revolution; as resistance to British regulation grew, a revolutionary American identity emerged.Rush, on the other hand, felt that the real revolution consisted of experimentation with new political systems after the fighting. Essentially, Adams thought of the American Revolution as more of a prewar ideological revolution, rather than a postwar political one, and Rush thought the opposite. Part (b): Some examples of historical evidence that would support Adams’ interpretation are: End of â€Å"salutary neglect† and growing separate American identity The Stamp Act, the Stamp Act Congress, and public demonstrations (Sons of Liberty) Movement to boycott British goods Boston Tea Party and Intolerable Acts Common Sense by Thomas Paine List of grievances from the Declaration of Independence Part (c): Examples of historical evidence supporting Rush’s viewpoint include: Statement of â€Å"principles, morals† being basis of government in Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation Issues of slavery still unresolved (Northwest Ordinance) Constitutional Convention and US Constitution Bill of Rights Election of 1800 and development of first party system Short-answer questions won’t ask you to do much writing, but they do test your ability to understand what’s going on in the source material and how it ties into your knowledge of US history. Document-Based Question The Document-Based question might be the most intimidating part of this exam.It’s worth 25 percent of your score, and it requires the synthesis of a bunch of information presented in different formats to create a coherent argument.These are the directions you’ll see on the test, along with a sample prompt: In the interest of saving space, I won’t include all the documents here (check out my complete guide to the AP US History exam for a more detailed example).Here’s how the points are doled out: You'll get one point for a coherent thesis that answers all parts of the question. Then, you can earn up to four points for analysis of the documents.To earnall four points you need to give: Plausible analysis of the content of all or all but one of the documents, which is used effectively to support the thesis Analysis of all or all but one of the documents in one or more of the following areas: Intended audience Purpose Historical context Author’s point of view Analysis of outside historical examples to bolster your argument A sixth point is earned for contextualizationor connecting historical phenomena relevant to your argument to broader trends in history. The final point is earned for synthesis, which means that your essay ties together the evidence from different documents to support your argument or connects the argument to other periods in history or other contexts in general. This means you can earn a total of seven points on the DBQ, most of them related to analyzing the documents in a way that supports your thesis. Here are some helpful resources for more DBQ examples to use as part of your review! Long Essay Depending on whether you were more confident with recent history or colonial history, you could choose either one of these questions. The test will giveyou two very different options so that you have a meaningful choice to make.Points are awarded as follows for the long essay question: A thesis that addresses all parts of the question gets you one point. Support of the thesis with specific evidence gets you up to two additional points.You’ll get both points if you also establish clearly and consistently how the evidence ties back to your thesis statement. You can earn two more points for a valid assessment of the historical thinking skill targeted in the question.You’ll only get both points if you address both continuity and change in your answer and give specific supporting examples! A final point is awarded for the synthesis of your ideas into a coherent essay.You might connect the topic to other historical periods or contexts, include an additional category of analysis, or extend/modify your thesis to draw a larger conclusion. There is a total of six points possible on the long essay question. What Does the AP US History Exam Cover? AP US History is divided into nine time periods, each of which makes up a designated percentage of the course material and instructional time: These time periods are connected by seven overarching historical themes. I’ll list these themes followed by the learning objectives associated with them.After you learn the who, what, and where of historical events, you should be able to connect them to one (or more likely several) of these broader concepts. AP US History Themes Theme 1: American and National Identity Explain how ideas about democracy, freedom, and individualism found expression in the development of cultural values, political institutions, and American identity. Explain how interpretations of the Constitution and debates over rights, liberties, and definitions of citizenship have affected American values, politics, and society. Analyze how ideas about national identity changed in response to U.S. involvement in international conflicts and the growth of the United States. Analyze relationships among different regional, social, ethnic, and racial groups, and explain how these groups’ experiences have related to U.S. national identity. Theme 2: Politics and Power Explain how and why political ideas, beliefs, institutions, party systems, and alignments have developed and changed. Explain how popular movements, reform efforts, and activist groups have sought to change American society and institutions. Explain how different beliefs about the federal government’s role in U.S. social and economic life have affected political debates and policies. Theme 3: Work, Exchange, and Technology Explain how patterns of exchange, markets, and private enterprise have developed, and analyze ways that governments have responded to economic issues. Analyze how technological innovation has affected economic development and society. Explain how different labor systems developed in North America and explain their effects on workers’ lives and society. Theme 4: Culture and Society Explain how religious groups and ideas have affected American society and political life. Explain how ideas about women’s rights and gender roles have affected society and politics. Explain how different group identities, including racial, ethnic, class, and regional identities, have emerged and changed over time. Explain how artistic, philosophical, and scientific ideas have developed and shaped society and institutions. Theme 5: Migration and Settlement Explain the causes of migration to colonial North America and, later, the United States, and analyze immigration’s effects on U.S. society. Analyze causes of internal migration and patterns of settlement in what would become the United States, and explain how migration has affected American life. Theme 6: Geography and the Environment Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of various communities. Analyze how conflict over natural resources has affected both group interactions and development of political policy. Theme 7: America in the World Explain how cultural interaction, cooperation, competition, and conflict between empires, nations, and peoples have influenced political, economic, and social developments in North America. Analyze the reasons for, and results of, U.S. diplomatic, economic, and military initiatives in North America and overseas. Americans have fought many other groups of people for control over pieces of this crazy space marble. AP US HistoryReview Tips Before I lay out the template for your study plan, here are a few tips to keep in mind as you go along. If you adopt the right strategies, you'll see your scores improve much more quickly! #1: Connect Facts to Major Themes Studying for history just means committing a bunch of names and dates to memory, right? WRONG! Questions on theAP US History exam (and, if you have a good teacher, most of your smaller tests in class), will ask you to combine general historical knowledge with an understanding of larger trends. The facts and approximate dates are relevant, but only to the extent that they can provide insight into your analysis of historical patterns and themes. If you study the facts in isolation, you’ll be lost on the test, especially when you get to the free-response questions.As you prepare for the exam, take note of the major themes, and think about how you might weave them into a discussion of the era as a whole. #2: Practice Analyzing Historical Writings and Documents Almost every question on the AP US History exam will ask you to read a historical document or analyze a politically-charged image. It’s important that you’re able to interpret these sources quickly and accurately.Look in your textbook or online for examples of historical writings, and practice analyzing the authors' claims. Which of the themes of the course are relevant? What else was happening at the time that may have influenced the writing or illustration? Is the individual addressing a certain audience, and is his or her point of view biased?These types of questions will prepare you for the way you’re asked to think about historical documents on the final exam. #3: Write Essay Outlines You should be a pro at writing essay outlines before you take the test.If you can write a strong outline that uses evidence correctly and relates the supporting points back to the thesis, that’s more than half the battle.The College Board has a bunch of old free-response questions available online that students can use for review purposes.Practice writing a thesis-driven outline in five to ten minutes for each essay question.If you have time, you should also practice writing out the final draft while staying within the time constraints of the real AP test. I suspect that this person doesn't actually have a plan. How to Studyfor AP US History In this section, I'll lay out the standard structure of an effective AP US History reviewplan. The most important takeaway from this plan is that you need to understand all of your mistakes on practice tests so that you can avoid these same issues on the real exam. Step 1: Take a Full Practice Test (3.5 Hours) The first step in the study process is to take a full practice test for AP US History so you can see how well you perform before doing any preparation. Make sure you adhere to the time constraints of the real exam so that you can figure out whether you need to work on your pacing (especially in the free-response section). Circle any questions where you aren't 100 percent sure of the answer so that you can revisit them even if you happen to guess correctly. Step 2: Score the Test, and Set an Ultimate Goal (1 Hour) After you finish the practice test, calculate your score to see how much you need to improve before the AP test.This can be a little tough for US History because the scoring for free-response questions is less clear-cut. However, you should be able to pin down a solid estimate of how many points you would earn on each free-response questionby referring to the grading rubrics. You can use this online calculator to find your AP score after you tally up all the raw points you've earned. Remember, points are NOT subtracted for incorrect multiple-choice answers! Once you figure out where you currently fall in the AP score range, you can work on creating a study plan based on how much you hope to improve.Set realistic goals for yourself considering how much time you have before the test and how many hours of studying you can fit into your schedule. I think everyone who takes an AP class is capable of getting a 5 with enough studying, but if you're in the 2 range, and you only have a couple of weeks before the test, a reasonable goal could be to earn a passing score (3+). If you have a couple of months, you might aim higher. If you start off in the 4 range, you should be able to boost your score up to a 5 within a month or less. Of course, that all depends on how many hours of studying you can afford to put into this one test. Ideally, each time you go through the steps of this study process, your score will improve by anywhere from a half to a whole AP point. If you’re already on the lower end of the 5 range, you may only need to go through the rest of this study process once to get yourself totally up to speed. If, on the other hand, you’re in the 3 range and aiming for a 5, you should plan to repeat these steps multiple times to reach your goals. Step 3: Analyze Your Mistakes (1 Hour) What information did you forget? Which eras/aspects of US History confused you the most on the test?Figure out which topics were most challenging for you by cataloging your mistakes and making a list of all the areas where you struggled. Once you have this list of problem areas, you can execute a more focused, efficient review of the concepts that need the most work. Don’t ignore the free-response section during this process. If you had trouble formulating a coherent argument related to a particular theme, you should use some of your prep time to work on gaining a deeper understanding of that concept. Step 4: Fix Gaps in Content Knowledge (2 Hours) When you finish analyzing your mistakes, you can go into your notes or review book and revisit any content that was an issue for you on the practice test.It’s important to solidify your background knowledge before practicing analysis skills so that you have a strong basis for your arguments and opinions. This stage is also where a review book might come in handy. All the content is organized much more clearly than it might be in your worn-out notebook. Check out this list of the best review books for AP US Historyif you're looking for more advice on which one to get. Step 5: Practice Relevant Questions (2 Hours) After gaining the necessary background knowledge, you can start answering some questions to prepare for your next full practice test. This step should alert you to any skill areas that you still need to practice or content that you didn’t fully memorize in your first content review. Try to find questions that require some analysis in addition to factual recall so you can test both your background knowledge and your mastery of higher-level thought processes. In my AP US History study guide, I include a list of online resources that you can use for practice questions.These will be helpful for this stage of the process because you’re addressing specific time periods or themes that gave you trouble on the first test.Most online resources have mini quizzes that pertain to different units in the course, so you can pick and choose which types of questions to practice.This is also when you can practice writing the essay outlines I mentioned in the tips section. Step 6: Take and Score a Second Practice Test (3.5 Hours) Finally, once you’re satisfied that you have a better understanding of everything you missed on the first test, take another practice test to see how far you’ve come. If you see significant improvement, you might be able to stop here. Of course, that depends on what your goals were and what your score was like on the first practice test.You can always repeat these steps to improve even more! If your scores haven’t improved, look back at how you conducted the processand make sure that you weren’t "studying" by skimming over information without really understanding or absorbing it.You should also only study in an environment where you can focus without interruptions or distractions. Sometimes this means abandoning group study sessions for independent work! Declare your independence, and illuminate....the past! Conclusion Although AP US History is a notoriously challenging class, reviewing the material before the big test doesn't have to be traumatic. Most questions will ask you to analyze documents and record your insights. It's less about knowing every single little thing that's happened in this country's history and more about understanding the seven themes of the course and how they're intertwined with the progression of events. These are the tips you should keep in mind as you study: Tip #1: Connect Facts to Major Themes Tip #2: Practice Analyzing Historical Documents Tip #3: Write Essay Outlines Your study plan should (roughly) follow these steps: Step 1: Take a Full Timed Practice Test Step 2: Score the Practice Test and Set a Goal Step 3: Analyze Your Mistakes Step 4: Fix Gaps in Content Knowledge Step 5: Practice Relevant Questions Step 6: Take and Score a Second Practice Test You can repeat the steps as many times as necessary to achieve your score goal. Use practice tests to keep checking in with yourself as you review to ensure thatyou're making steady improvements! What’s Next? Are you considering taking the SAT Subject Test for US History? Find out more about what's on that test and how it differs from the AP exam. Still trying to plan out the rest of your schedule? This article will help you decide which AP classes to take based on your goals. What will you get out of a high AP score? Take a look at this guide to learn how AP credit works in college. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Management by Objective Approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Management by Objective Approach - Essay Example Management by objective has several principles, which include cascading of organizational objectives, setting goals for each member, participative decision making, over time, and feedback provision and performance evaluation. 1. Better utilization of resources – Here, resources can be measured in financial, human or physical terms. In management by objective, goals can be easily attained by optimum utilization of financial, physical and human resources (Bryman 1996, p.66). These resources can be regulated and efficiently managed to provide the greatest possible benefits for all employees in the company. 2. Development of Personnel – Management by objective is a valuable tool which can be used to develop and train the subordinate managers. The training techniques employed helps the subordinate managers to improve their skills in leadership, decision making, planning, directing and controlling (Migliore 1977, p.78). The flourishing future of a company largely depends on the qualifications of its employees and the quality of the services rendered to its customers. Management by objective helps a company to set several attainable goals to run a project and process oriented organization that enables employees to work in a professional, innovative and customer oriented way. Therefore, the continuous enhancement of technical and personal skills of employees is a critical issue in a company. Hence, the subordinate managers get prepared for promotion to higher posts in the future (Huselid 1995, p.65). 3. Makes planning effective – A solid business plan in a company can be the main difference between failure and success. Most of the businesses fail because they overlooked the idea of a business plan due to a lack of knowledge and time on how to make one. In management by objective, the goals and objective of a company get clearly stated.  

The Costs of Ecotourism in the Global Community Term Paper

The Costs of Ecotourism in the Global Community - Term Paper Example However, the costs of ecotourism have become a controversial issue among different sectors and institutions in global society. Even though ecotourism is seen to promote ecological awareness for travelers and serve as a significant revenue generator for rural societies, a lot of people question its real function in the community. Some groups like Tourism Concern in the UK argued that ecotourism harms the environment, together with the people in it. (Ecobits and Ecopieces 2002) Currently, the word ecotourism is used loosely in conversations. "Ecotourism" is often used to denote activities involving nature. "Ecotourism" can designate a wide array of activity like mountain climbing, water rafting, and other ecological explorations. However, it can be surprising to find out that various ecotourism institutions give definitions which are a way to far from the colloquial perception. Ecotourism means "ecological tourism," which possesses both "ecological" and "social" connotations. Ecotourism can denote both "concept/tourism movement" and as a "tourism sector (Ecotourism 2005)." The existence of ecotourism dates back in the late 1980s and United Nations declared the year 2002 as the International Year of Tourism. During that year, the UN has recognized the impact of ecotourism in the global community and aimed to promote "sustainable tourism (International Year of Ecotourism 2002)."The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) defines ecotourism as "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well being of local people (What is Ecotourism 2004)." This also implies that people who implement and take part in this "responsible travel" should adhere to principles so as promote the objectives of ecotourism. With this consideration, companies and participants alike are required to "minimize" their impact on the ecological society visited. Ecotourism activities should also be designed to establish environmental and cultural awareness and respect, as well as provide positive experiences for both visitors and hosts. Since ecotourism is geared to develop the "destination," it should be able to benefit the society financially for the conservation of the environment.  

Naxalism In India Perception And Responses Politics Essay

Naxalism In India Perception And Responses Politics Essay Widespread discontent apathy among the common populace has plagued the Indian polity since independence. This discontent has often led to unrest and resentment sometimes resulting in violence also. Since independence various statutory enactments and institutional mechanisms for addressing the aspects of deprivation and neglect have been brought into being but the irony is that discontent and unrest continue to surface inspite of the measures undertaken. Today, even after six decades of independence, for a large section of the populace, basic survival and making the two ends meet is still the biggest challenge. As 58 per cent of the Indian labour force is still engaged in agriculture and allied occupations, landlessness is an important root of poverty. The Indian State recognized the vital link between land and livelihood soon after independence and launched land reform measures which included three components: abolition of intermediaries such as zamindars, security of tenancy and a c eiling on agricultural holdings for distribution of the surplus to the landless. However, as time passed the commitment to land reform has weakened and it remains an unfinished agenda of governance.  [1]  The poor population in order to meet their livelihood had to depend upon common property resources such as forests, pastures and water sources. The government having realised such resources as sources of profit started exploiting them, thus resulting in the poor being deprived of the access they had to these resources . 2. Today the nation is boasting of an above 9 per cent growth rate and is aspiring to become an economic powerhorse. But the fact of the matter is that the inequalities between the rich and the poor is increasing. With globalisation, awareness of opportunities and possible lifestyles are spreading but the entitlements are receding. The directional shift in Government policies since the early nineties towards modernisation and mechanisation, export orientation, withdrawal of subsidies and exposure to global trade has been an important factor in hurting the poor and increasing their miseries. Equal status and equal dignity is not only a Constitutional right but also a basic human right. The inherited institutions of caste, gender, religion and unequal property have been depriving the majority of the society of this right. The continued practice of social discrimination, untouchability and atrocities against the weaker sections truly reflects the failure of the promises made to the oppr essed people of this nation by the government. 3. This has led to a situation where in a large section of the people have lost faith in the polity and institutions of this country. However the irony is that there has been no sustained effort to eliminate the causes and reduce the discontent of the masses. It is these causes of discontent among the people that has led to the meteoric rise and spread of the Naxalite movement in the country. The Naxalite armed movement which has been challenging the Indian state since more than four decades is based on Maoist ideology and gains its strength through mobilising the poor, underprivileged, discouraged and marginalised especially in the rural and underdeveloped parts of the country. The Naxalite movement are a serious threat to the Indian state and is fast threatening to engulf almost the whole nation under its influence. The dreams of the nation of becoming a regional superpower and economic giant in the near future seems to be a distant reality with Naxalism challenging the inherent id eals of the state. 4. The menace of Left Wing Extremism after making a modest start in 1967 from remote village named Naxalbari in West Bengal plagues almost 235 districts  [i]  across the country in 2011. In some of these districts, the situation has deteriorated to such an extent that the writ of the government cease to exist and can be termed as liberated zones. The Maoists run a parallel government in these areas and are located in most underdevloped parts of the country. Despite being referred to as the most serious internal security threat faced by the nation by the Prime Minister Manmohan Singh himself in 2006, not much has translated at the grass root level to address the issue. On the contrary, the Maoists have been able to strike at targets with impunity and at will causing panic amongst the state and central security forces. 5. The Naxalites with their control over certain areas and their armed fight against the security forces, are challenging the inherent ideals of the state, namely soverignity and monopoly on use of force. In order to fight this menace, the state is focusing on re-establishing of law and order by encountering the Naxalites violently by use of force. However, this approach of the government seems to lack foresight, since the roots of Naxalism are located within the Indias numerous social and economic inequalities. Without addressing the root causes merely use of force will not help the state in solving the problem. If the country does not belong to everyone, it will belong to no one. Tupamaro Manifesto 17. The nation as a concept is universally recognized and .internationally valid for soverign aggregate of human beings in a modern state. If modern states are nation states, then the territorial integrity, political stability and the legitimacy of the state is a basic prerequisite for political and emotional integration of the citizens.  [2]  The collapse of the communist states in the early nineties point to the truth about this statement. It is the collective will of the population of the state that is the sole and most important determinant of contours of a state. India is a nation with vast cultural diversities and geographical.landscapes. The quote from Gitanjali written by noble laureate RabindraNath Tagore aptly sums up the importance of a nation wherein the true values of nationalism can take root: Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high; Where knowledge is free; Where the world has not been broken up into fragments by narrow domestic walls; Where words come out from depth of truth; Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection; 9. Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way into the dreary desert sand of dead habit; Where the mind is led forward by thee into ever widening thought and action; Into that heaven of freedom my father, let my country awake. 18. The Constitution of India guarantees the protection of all states against external aggression and internal disturbance by the Union of India, however the security being a state subject is rarely given the importance it requires till the situation blows out of proportion and many a times this turns out to be too little too late for the masses which suffer due to these security problems. The nation has faced numerous internal security problems since getting independence in 1947. These have been mainly due to secessionist movements initiated by a certain section of the population, wherein the government failed to provide solutions to their long pending issues. Since independence the country has faced problems in states of Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram, Assam, Tripura, Punjab and JK. Though, as on date these states have not been posing serious existential threat to the worlds largest democracy but before coming to some serious resolution of these conflicts a new danger of Nax alism has plagued vast areas of the country. 19. The Naxal movement presently having its influence over some 231 districts in 21 states of our country has been identified as the single largest internal security threat to the nation by the prime minister.  [3]  The Naxal movement as it is known is essentially an ideological movement and not an ethnic or a religious one. It gets its sustenance from social evils such as poverty, unemployment, exploitation of the poor classes and social discrimination. It has drawn vast support of population from the tribal belt into the movement. Before we can find the ways of tackling this issue, there is a need to understand the reasons why this 10. problem has come into existence. This will not only help in finding the real cause of this problem but also the ways and means to eradicate it. 20. To understand the spread of Naxalism in the country, we will have to analyse communism and its evolution in India. The communist Party of India came into existence on 26th Dec 1925 based on the thought that communism was ideally suited for the country with such vast demographic diversity and difference between the haves have not. However, the ban on communist ideology during the British rule prohibited the rise of the party and its ideology. Two notable movements led by communists during the pre independence era needs a mention are, firstly, the Tebhaga Movement led by peasants front of CPI Kisan Sabha in 1946, with the aim to increase the share of peasants in crops from half to two-third and second being the Telangana Uprising against the brutal repression of peasants by feudal landlords during the regime of Nizam in the Telangana region.  [4]   21. The birth and rapid rise of Naxalite movement can also be traced to the development which took place around the globe during the decade of 1960. This was a period in Europe, Asia and America when new radical struggles were breaking out, marked by the reading of Marx. These trends were reflected in the national liberation struggle of the Vietnamese people; the civil rights and anti-war movements in USA; in the students agitations in Western Europe; Che Guevaras self sacrifice in the jungles of Bolivia; and in Chinas cultural revolution. The Naxalite movement was part of this contemporary, worldwide impulse among the radicals to return to the roots of revolutionary idealism.  [5]   22. The year 1967 marks a turning point in terms of the revolutionary armed struggle in India. On 24 May the persistent social and political tensions in the 11. small village Naxalbari in the Darjeeling District of the West Bengal unloaded after a landlord was attacked which led to a full-scale peasant riot. This event has its deep roots in the socio-economic conditions, namely unequal land distribution and forced labour that had persisted since the British rule. At that moment, the general perception of people in these regions remained that the level of economic development, social justice and quality of governance in the states was plagued with a variety of maladies and there was complete lack of concern of the government towards these downtrodden people of the society . 23. The Naxalites, as they are called today emerged on scene as CPI(ML) after splitting from CPI(M). Their pronounced agenda has been to capture political power through an armed and violent revolution. Within a few years of its formation, the organisational network of CPI(ML) and its propagated violence spread in the whole of West Bengal. The campaign spread to parts of Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Jammu Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh and Delhi. In 1971 there was maximum violence with killing of 850 so called class enemies landlords, moneylenders, police informers, political activists  [6]  . However, joint operations launched by the state police of West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa quickly curtailed the movement, leading to serious decline in capabilities and influence of the Naxalites. By mid 1970s, the belief was that the movement was dead in totality. During this phase, however, the ideological motivation was existing in top leadership and middle level activists. The supporters consisted of the political class as well as the student base of Delhi University, who were motivated by their ideology. There were large number of journals in English and vernacular languages which were published periodically during that period to increase the ideological fervour in the common populace. The leaders of the movement were provided training, financial support and guidance by active support from China. However post 1972, the arrest and subsequent death of Charu Majumdar led to the total collapse of the movement. 12. 24. After the period of emergency, the remnants of the Naxalite groups made discreet attempts to revive itself primarily, through an agrarian agitation movement, supporting their woes and highlighting the issues plaguing the poor and the downtrodden. In 1980, Peoples War Group(PWG) was formed in Andhra Pradesh under the leadership of Kondapalli Seetharamaiah with a violent agenda. The group clandestinely established underground dalams, operating apparatus in North Telangana and Dandakaranya region. Even Bihar was under revival phase with three naxal groups on the forefront.  [7]  These groups had a sizeable ground level base of revolutionary peasants taking part in violent actions. The groups operating in Bihar were Maoist Communist Centre, Unity Party and anti-Lin Piao group. This concerted effort led to revival of the movement in Andhra Pradesh, Dandakaranya and Bihar. However, these groups were affected by dissentions and splits on one side and unification processes occurring simultaneously. This process of splitting though a setback in the intial stages but however it ensured increase of mass support at ground level as each entity tried its best to gain more and more support of the population in the area, thus ensuring organizational progress. The Naxal violence continued to increase from this period and finally reached its pinnacle in 1991 for a second time when they were able to eliminate sucessfully large number of class enemies. Since then, the organized killing of selected targets has continued.  [8]  The targets of Naxal violence also included those people whose agenda differed that of the Naxalites. Since, this has been a ground level movement, the solution too lies in dealing at that level and conceptualizing strategies at higher levels are of little or of no significance. At the moment every year there are more than 1500 Naxal violence incidents from the affected states involving killing of more than 500 class enemies. There has been a soph istication in the means employed by them in detonating the landmines negating their vulnerabilities to electronic countermeasures. The daring means employed by them to attack police posts and patrols has brought out the vulnerabilities of security forces in the area and the growing might of Naxals. The Naxalites have been running a parallel government in these areas by holding jan 13. adalats wherein they resort to on the spot dispensing of justice. These are notundertaken in any covert manner but in full public view and with advance warnings of a few days. This state clearly highlights the failure of govt at the grass root level. The present strength of armed cadre stands at 8000 excluding 15000 cadres of peoples militia who carry on their routine work, but are ready to serve when the situation demands.  [9]   25. The Naxalites have a design of establish a Compact Revolutionary Zone, from Nepal running across Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh. These areas will be under their total control with administration and governance of their own. Unlike the first phase of the movement, the present phase entails unification and consolidation. In 1998, Unity Party and PWG merged to form CPI(ML)(PW), thereafter, RCCI-Maoist merged with MCC MCCI came into existence. Later, PW and MCCI came together to form CPI(Maoist). This gave the org a backing on ideological front from the Communist Party of Nepal(Maoist), thus complicating the problem and making it trans-border and trans-national. The party has got international linkages through Coordination Committee of Maoist Parties and Organisation of South Asia which includes the Communist parties of Sri Lanka, Nepal Bangladesh and India. The spread of Naxalism has been phenomenal in the recent years. Starting from the peasant movement, the Nax al issue today has a large spatial spread and much better resistance capability. The initiatives undertaken by the Centre and the to contain the movement prevent violence has been a failure. It has not been able to rein in the movement and lower the violence levels. 14. CHAPTER-III SOCIO-ECONOMIC MILIEU OF NAXALISM 26. Poverty and lack of development extract terrible prices and the glaring example of this has been the rapid rise of Naxalism. Naxalite violence in India has claimed thousands of lives till date and the graph is on the upward swing with each passing year. In his address to the nation on 15August 2006, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh termed Naxalism as a threat to Indias national security. Less than a month after this pronouncement, one of his predecessor former Prime Minister V P Singh came up with a completely different viewpoint. He saw no option but to embrace Naxalism in the present model of development, where forceful acquisition of land and displacement of thousands by the State are the order of the day. Both these statements, however, made in their respective contexts, but , both of them are revealing. They clearly indicate towards the rise of Naxalism as a movement that is giving sleepless nights to the highest echelons of governance of this nation. They clearly indicate towa rds the acceptance of the fact among our leaders of the strength and undisputed popularity of this movement. 27. Naxalism started as a peasant movement in 1967, in the tiny and remote hamlet of Naxalbari in West Bengal. The main demand was that of radical land reform and land to the tiller. The only means of realizing this was seen as the violent takeover of power. However, the govt was completely unwilling to yield to the demands, and the movement was brutally crushed. The character of Naxalism has changed with the times. Forced out of West Bengal, it has now regrouped itself outside the state. The movement is threatening to engulf whole of the nation and has got strong presence, largely in heavily forested areas dominated by tribals in the states of Orissa, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, 15. Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. 28. Today,around 42% of Indias total population, lives under the poverty line. One third of the global poor lives in India, 75% in rural areas . The increasing high numbers of farmer suicides because of indebtedness, harassment and discrimination, particularly in the Naxalite affected areas, potrays the miserable condition of large parts of Indias rural population.The lack of human development causes anger and resentments amongst the people. They feel alienated and excluded. In addition often local elites are engaged in exploiting, harassing and even torturing the tribal population  [10]  . 29. Dalits and Tribals form the major support base of Naxalism. The Dalits and tribals together amount for nearly one fourth of Indias population and most of them live in rural India . Their reasons for supporting the Naxal movement are manifold: there is low degree of employment and qualification, new forest policies posing restriction for their livelihoods, cultural humiliation, lack of access to health care, education and power, restriction on access to natural resources, numerous forms of exploitation, social discrimination, frequent displacements, political isolation and suppression. The states which are the most affected have a huge number of people facing deprivation and a high record of crimes that are committed against them as well as displacement owing to economic and development projects 30. In fact 80% of the total displaced persons within the period of 1947- 2000 were tribals. A large number of tribals remained neglected from the various governmental development projects. Attempts by the government to increase its influence in these backward areas resulted in repression of the inhabitants by the various state authorities, such as by the forest department resulting in the destruction of their traditional social bonds. The era of globalization with the liberalisation of Indian economy gave new life to the conflict. There are numerous 16. Indian and foreign companies that are operating in the mineral rich areas of Chattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand and Orissa which are among the poorest states in India and show a high degree of Naxal affection. Several of these companies have signed memoranda of understanding with the government worth billions for exploiting the mineral resources. However, the irony is that the inhabitants of these areas generally do not benefit from the mineral wealth of their areas. Besides mining, the establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZ) and construction of huge dam projects results in the displacement of thousands of people. 31. Today, the focus of Naxalism has changed from being an agrarian movement to that of fighting for the attainment of tribal self- determination, control over local resource issues and continued neglect of governmentt towards these areas. This cause of theirs has found ready sympathisers among local communities. In tribal-dominated areas development is largely synonymous with the exploitation of forest resources for commercial gains, primarily controlled by the forest department and other govt agencies. This has almost obliterated traditional community control over forests and forest resources. The successive Government policies have made the very existence of tribals in their own areas difficult, and displaced them from their lands. The Forest Conservation Act, 1980 has barred tribals from using the forest resources, thus forcing them to be termed as encroachers on the land they have inhabited for centuries. However, this tribal alienation from land is not only the outcome of the c ountrys conservation policy only but also the development projects including mining projects. The Naxal movement cleverly tapped and exploited the often justified tribal anger and frustration against this oppression of the government. 32. With Indias major mineral resources concentrated under tribal dominated forestlands, mining and related projects have naturally come into the crosshairs of the Naxals. Today, five of Indias top mineral-producing state Orissa, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh are fighting the rise 17. of the red brigades in most of their mineral-rich districts.Its not development. It is an express highway to speed up exploitationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ What they have left for the local people is just air and water pollution, says Communist Party of India (Maoist) central committee member Kosa, while referring to the mega mining projects in Bastar, Chhattisgarh. The Naxal opposition has unnerved the mining industry in this part of the country. According to a report by the risk management consultancy, Hill and Associates based in Hong Kong the viral spread of Naxalism in India has an adverse impact on the development and has termed it as a grave operational risk affecting investment climate in the core extractive sector. The report also points that Naxalism is likely to impact foreign direct investment in the country. It further says The risk exposure would be greater in pockets where Naxalites have joined the tribals in opposing project-induced human displacement. Areas where industrialisa tion is in the initial stages of development are more prone to stiff opposition by Naxalites. Traditionally, the Naxals have been targeting the govt symbols and its institutions but with the present trend Industrial establishments are likely to bear the brunt in the future. In fact, at their ninth congress held in the beginning of 2007, Naxalites clearly expressed their intention of intensifying their operations in areas where mega development projects including special economic zones, irrigation projects and mining enterprises are coming up. 33. The Naxals have used varied tactics for opposing this industrial investment. The rise of Naxalism can be directly linked to the crisis of faith: Indias marginalised population, the poors including its tribals, have lost their trust on governmentt for their livelihoods. The development projects coming in these areas are threatening the very existence of locals and have become synonymous with poverty and insecurity. With no alternative left, these communities have started believing that the only way they can fight for their survival is by adopting the violent ways of the Naxals. The rapid rise and popularity of Naxalism is not only a crisis of political empowerment but also that of sheer economic backwardness of these areas. The irony is that the marginalized have 18. started believing that it is one of the rare opportunities still available to them to express their aspirations. 34. The government and its planners have described Naxalism, as an internal security threat and are of the opinion that Naxalism and its sympathisers must be to be stamped out decisively by use of the States police and army. On one hand the govt claims that the path of violence is not the solution of the problems of the poor. On the other hand, it strongly advocates use of force to suppress the movement and solve the problems of the govt. It is precisely this myopic vision of the govt and its planners which is the real cause of the problem. Poverty, starvation, malnutrition, unemployment, lack of access to basic necessities like health and education, forced eviction of people from their lands in the name of developmental projects do not qualify as threats to internal security for the government. However, reactions and resistance and protests against them raise the hackles and eyebrows. A prime reason for the spread of Naxalism has been the acute failure of the State to provide remote and underdeveloped areas with facilities for health and education, and the prospect for dignified employment. People in these areas have had to cope with an administration that is indifferent, corrupt, an brutal. Meanwhile, the economic development in these areas has been powered by wood, water and minerals found on these lands, and for whose profitable exploitation the locals are forced to make way involuntarily or by force. It is important to understand the fact that the forced eviction of people from their land and livelihood for projects like mining will only bring more poverty and not prosperity as our planners think. 35. Governments need to be sensitive about these issues. They must work to make people in Naxal-infested areas true partners in the development process by assuring them titles on lands cultivated by them, by allowing them the right to manage forests sustainably, and by giving them a solid stake in industrial or mining projects that come up where they live and at the cost of their homes.Thus the locals are not interested into the so-called development projects by the 19. government and even resort to attacking the employees of these companies. These processes create conducive conditions for the support of Naxals and give them ready cadres and recruits. The Naxals only need to exploit the prevailing frustration . 36. Although the nation is enjoying a steadily solid economic growth during the past two decades but the distribution of these benefits is uneven among various social groups and geographic regions. Income disparities have increased and there is huge distinction between living conditions of the people in the rural areas and the metropolis in India. But these contradictions not only exist between rural and urban areas but also within the cities. The Naxals taking advantage of the situation and have started building up popular support in the cities through infiltrating labour unions and targeting the unemployed and students as well as exploiting the socio-economic disparities. Today, big cities like Delhi, Patna and Kolkata have come up as big hubs for Maoist sympathising intellectuals.According to Ernst Bloch the development of Modernity and capitalism can create contradictions within a society. These contradictions are often a consequence of social progress that is not shared by the w hole population. Bloch calls this asymmetric development the simultaneity of the nonsimultaneous. This process can be conflict-promoting especially when the contradictions are exploited by a political force. This concept can be well applied to the Naxalite conflict. 20. CHAPTER-IV IMPACT OF NAXALISM ON THE NATION 37. The spread and influence of Naxalism has almost captured half of Indian territory. The speed with which this menace is spreading its tentacles, the day is not far when the whole of the nation will be under its firm grip. Today, the violence related to Naxalism is a real cause of concern which is degenerating the security fabric of the country. The under mentioned paragraphs highlight the direct and indirect effects of the menace on the nation. Security Implications 38. Shift from ideology. The facts clearly indicate the rising menace of Naxalism and bring to fore that Naxalism in its present form fail to tow their novel ideology conceptualized in the native years, ie, working with a determined and undivided aim of establishing social equality. In fact Left Wing extremists are transforming the movement from menace to serious threat.  [11]   39. Increasing Influence. The viral spread of Naxalism is a growing concern. The Naxal threat seems to have surpassed all other insurgencies in the nation at least from the geographical point of view. Today the Naxalites are dreaming of establishing a red corridor and are putting all their energies towards fulfillment of their goals in this concern. Going with the present pattern they might soon gain a continuous presence along the length and breadth of the nation. 21. 40. Virtual Control. The situation today is such that If partial the Naxalites ever plan to launch coordinated, simultaneous attacks, they would not only be able to drive a wedge through the vital areas of the country but will also give them complete control over huge deposits of minerals, oils and industrialised territory and put them at a position from where they can bargain on their terms.   Gen Shankar Roy Chowdhury former Army Chief had this to say The Naxalite movement is the main threat which is affecting the states today. It is more dangerous than the situation in Jammu and Kashmir or the situation in the North-East.