How Does Steinbeck Present The Bunkhouse And Its...

Firstly, Steinbeck presents the inhabitants of the bunkhouse to be trapped. The bunkhouse is described as â€Å"a long rectangular building† It is seen as a jail-like place where the occupants of the ranch are trapped in; this symbolises that all hope is near to gone. It is also as if the migrant workers are trapped from their dreams and they have no place to go. The small square windows† shows how their lives are simple and that they have no escape and no freedom. It is also as if cutting off the light cuts off the hope. Steinbeck uses metaphors to emphasise this further. The use of the word’ solid’ to describe the door can also be used to show how it is very thick and a barrier to their dreams. The connotations of the word ‘house’ suggest the place to be homely but this is then juxtaposed further by Steinbeck mentioning the word ‘building’. Buildings are seen to have no identity which mirrors their lives. It is also as if there i s no other option for them and that they have no were else to go as the novella is based during the great depression. Even the ‘latch’ is seen to be there as way to stop them getting out with no escape. Steinbeck presents the inhabitants of the bunkhouse to be uncared for. â€Å"The walls were whitewashed and the floors unpainted.† Is a way in which the room is described. This may suggests how it was simple just like their lives. It can also be seen as a metaphorical way for how their lives are simple and they have no identity. The lack of identity can beShow MoreRelatedDepression And The Card Diversion Essay1475 Words   |  6 Pagesunfortunate kinships, connections, and propensities. The book  ¨Of Mice and Men ¨ gives a look at how it carrying on with the farm life in the 1930 s could get amazingly forlorn. People attempted to discover approaches to get away from their depression amid that time by creating companionships and connections; even unfortunate ones. There were three fundamental characters that show confirmation of this. Every one of the three characters indicate how loneliness can drive you to second thoughts, dreams, sacrifice

Effects Of Caffeine On People s Lives - 927 Words

Caffeine is a huge part of North American culture, it is consumed in coffee, teas, chocolate, energy drinks and many other goods. Coffee is the main source of caffeine, and is frequently consumed socially. Because people rely on this substance so heavily, its side effects are often speculated. People who tend to consume large amounts of caffeine notice shakiness, nervousness, irritability, and increased heart rate (Whiteman.) However, the positive effects are much greater, and some include decreased risk for oral and liver cancers, Parkinson’s, Alzheimers, stroke and much more. Thankfully, there is overwhelming evidence to support that caffeine is much more of a benefit in people’s lives than a detriment. Most people who consume caffeine have heard of its potential negative side effects, which without the thorough research can be worrisome. The well-known ones include shakiness, restlessness, insomnia, and some addictiveness and therefore withdrawal symptoms (Chawla.) Withdrawal symptoms are known to include headache, fatigue, drowsiness, depression, irritability, concentration difficulties, nausea, and vomiting. (Whiteman.) Also, frequent coffee drinkers may skip a cup in the evening because they had difficulties sleeping afterwards. Those who do more research on the subject may find some articles suggesting that caffeine consumption may negatively affect those with high blood pressure or diabetes (Brass.) For someone who does research only on the adverse effects ofShow MoreRelatedCaffeine the Most Popular Drug in The World1079 Words   |  5 Pagesingredients in coffee and tea is caffeine. Caffeine has both bad and good benefits, but too much of caffeine can cause a negative effec t for our health. The effects of tea and coffee can have various health benefits, carry out chemical compounds that is in the drink, but too much consumption can create side effects to our body. Caffeine is one of the most popular drug. They are naturally in all coffee beans and tea plants. Everyone in the world consumes caffeine everyday, from coffee to tea drinksRead MoreEssay On Caffeine975 Words   |  4 Pagesbeverages is caffeine. Caffeine is something most people overlook in their daily lives and can be harmful if taken too much. Typically, the majority of not only adults, but more recently a growing number of teenagers, rely on their daily dose of caffeine to get them through the day in hopes to not get a sense of fatigue. â€Å"Eighty three percent of adults can’t imagine life without their favorite cup of java.† (Healthy Living). The main question consumers ask themselves is whether or not the caffeine they areRead MoreThe Cause And Effects Of Caffeine Drinks1078 Words   |  5 Pagesthe same effect. That effect is caffeine. Caffeine is â€Å"a crystalline compound that is found especially in tea and coffee plants and is a stimulant of the central nervous system.† Everyone in the world thrives off these drinks. They need coffee and tea to â€Å"get them through the day.† The reason so many people drink tea and coffee is that people do not get enough sleep at night therefore throughout the day in order for them to function they consume tea and or coffee. Coffee and tea have effects that giveRead MoreDifferent Types Of Teas That Have Different Purposes For The Body Essay1446 Words   |  6 PagesIn some point in our life, we all have drank or tasted coffee and/or tea. Some people love the taste or the effects coffee or tea can have on our bodies. Coffee is very effective on the body, people drink coffee to help them get going every morning. There are several different types of teas that have different purposes for the body. Tea was first discovered when a dried leaf landed in Chinese Emperor Shen Nung’s bowl of water changing the color of it in 2737 B.C. (When was tea invented?, 2016). CoffeeRead MoreEffec ts Of Caffeine On The Brain1507 Words   |  7 PagesCaffeine is a brain booster meaning it is a stimulant. Caffeine stimulates different parts of the brain producing a wide variety of outcomes. It can enhance your mood during day to day activities which could be beneficial for those suffering from depression. Depression is a major mental disorder in the United States and caffeine has been shown to reverse this mood state. Memory is a major part of the human brain and brings about different feelings to a person. They can be improved with caffeine asRead MoreEnergy Drinks and the Effects on Adolescents and Academics1121 Words   |  5 Pagesdrinks all have similar ingredients with varying amounts of caffeine and â€Å"blend† combinations. Caffeine Caffeine is a psychoactive drug and potentially deadly in large amounts, especially for adolescents (Hershorin, Lipschulz, Schaechter Seifert, 2011). Caffeine is one the most common energy drink ingredients and one of the most widely consumed substances in the world. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), caffeine is a chemical stimulant compound found in various plants thatRead MoreHow Energy Drinks Affect Health1135 Words   |  5 PagesMost of the ingredients in energy drinks don t have a big effect on your health according to recent studies. The ingredients that do have an effect, caffeine and sugar, have mixed results. Short term good, long term bad (Robertson). Studies show that intake of an energy drink improves mental and cognitive performances as well as increases subjective alertness (Go Easy on Those Energy Drinks). Energy drinks can be good for a person s health if you re old enough and drink a right amount. EnergyRead MoreThe World s Most Favorite Drink Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant roles in human lives. Plants are used as medicines, food sources, building materials, clothing, dyes, paints, inks, papers, fertilizers, pesticides, lubricants and much more. One of the most used plant is Coffea Arabica, commonly known as coffee. Coffee is the world’s most favorite drink and the most important commercial crop plant. People drink coffee to relieve mental and physical fatigue and to increase mental alertness. Coffee is also used to prevent Parkinson s disease, gallstones, typeRead MoreA Solar Powered Window Phone Charger Essay1440 Words   |  6 Pagesit can compete with the standards or expectations so often set by today’s work ethic? At some point during our lives we come to the conclusion that are bodies can only go so far, before it needs to rest. Unfortunately, there just isn’t enough energy in one’s body to do multiple tasks in a single instance o f time in a day. There are, however, a multitude of energy drinks used to help people stave off exhaustion, but the benefit of their use does not often supersede the consequences; thus making themRead MoreThe Consumption Of Energy Drinks1538 Words   |  7 Pagesand they are mostly likely to abuse the consumption of the beverage. With the health hazards the beverages have on adults they even place a greater threat to adolescents. The sugar and caffeine in the beverages is disturbingly high. Professionals such as doctors are voicing their concerns about the harmful effects of the beverages however; the government is doing nothing to fix the problem facing the health of the population. Many doctors and professionals in the health industry are warning the public

Work Free Essays

2nd Quarter Project Title: A Fever In The Heart Authors Name: Ann Rule Publisher: Time Warner Date of publication: October 1996 Plot: The main idea of this book was writing a true-life story and analyzing how two famous serial killers, James Ruzicka and Carl Harp, had very similar lives. They were mirror images of each other. â€Å"A Fever In The Heart† by Ann Rule, started off with their important facts and events from their childhood to their adulthood. We will write a custom essay sample on Work or any similar topic only for you Order Now These two serial killers were so similar that they were bond to be together. They met in a jail cell and soon became allies. Some similarities they had were that they both had mothers that weren’t really considered an adult figure and they both didn’t have a love of a father. Other examples were that they were only a year a part; both started having sexual interests at a very young age (6 or 7). These common situations both brought them to killing women. Both had the capacity to be charming and can have a harmless appearance. They both shared an alias known as â€Å"Troy Asin. James Ruzicka would catch women from the ages of 15 to their 20s by putting a sharp object around their neck and telling them that his brother had been shot by random people and that he needed help. He would then bring them to an abandoned place and then proceed to rape and kill them. Carl Harp was on a hill where you can see the view of interstate 405 freeway and started shooting random drivers. He also raped two hitchhikers threatening them that if they would not cooper ate he would shoot them with his riffle. After that he let the girls go and in a couple of days later he was arrested and convicted for life in jail. Main Characters: James Ruzicka and Carl Harp – convicted serial killers and rapists of the 1970s Table: Evidence| Test Preformed| Results| Fishing knife| Blood Testing | Same weapon used to kill the victim| White draperies| None| Proven Ruzicka had stolen it from his ex wife| Towels| None| One of the items Ruzicka had stolen from his ex wife| Riffle| None| Same gun Carl used to kill drivers on the free way| Evaluation: 1. The role of forensics science in this case was to collect enough evidence as possible to convict to serial killers that had used the same alias and to know who did what. 2. I think the police did as much of a god job as they could because their wasn’t a lot of advanced technologies as there is now like DNA testing. 3. If I headed this investigation I would of done a lot more with the evidence I had. I could of done blood testing, DNA testing, fingerprint analysis, and created an M. O. for these two killers. I would also make sure I had as much of security I could have around the areas where victims were murdered. Possibly a grid search when one murder scene was in the woods. 4. This crime was in the 1970s and new forensics tests that would have helped solve the crime would have been DNA and fingerprints testing. These two tests would of definitely help find the murderers and convict them in a lower amount of time it took them to. Evidence they found around the crime scenes were fishing knife that would of have enough fingerprints, clothes from the raped victims that would of have DNA evidence like hair, nails, semen, etc. 5. My suspects were guilty and the evidence was more than enough evidence to support the guilty verdict. Rate the book: Amount of evidence| 5| Appropriate use of evidence| 5| Accuracy of evidence| 5| Performance of police or CSI| 4| Writing style (ease of reading)| 5| Recommended for future forensic students| 5| How to cite Work, Essay examples Work Free Essays Generation Gap When younger workers are hired in the same department as older workers, the results can be frustrating or rewarding. What makes the difference is how management decides to blend the workforces. The 80 million Generation Y workers, called millennial, who were born after 1977 bring a host of talents to the office. We will write a custom essay sample on Work or any similar topic only for you Order Now They generally are skilled at hands-on, experiential learning and gain skills by attempting to perform a task rather than by reading a book or attending a lecture. They multicast, prefer to work alone, accept change readily, and access Information at all ours of the day. These work habits are contrary to what older workers have experienced during their careers. To blend the cultures, managers must devise methods of fostering coexistence. The project-oriented nature of IT work appeals to the bright, creative, energetic millennial, and they perform best when given new technologies and the freedom to experiment. Enjoying new situations and challenges, they excel at mentoring less tech-saws workers on using the Innovative hardware and software and rotating among various departments to meet new people. They also thrive in an atmosphere that encourages blobbing and testing, so the work environment should allow mobile social networking and communications. What are your thoughts? Do you find this to be the case at your place of work? I believe the current increase in new millennial further assist the older population. For example, as a professional in the Education industry the younger generations, in my opinion juggle various tasks. However, I feel the older population can benefit from most millennial by keeping an open mind to technology. Often times many baby boomers become resistant to change. Remotely no adaptation occurs, leading to undue stress of millennial. On another note, millennial may often be underestimated within the workforce due to autonomy. The world has emerged into a new era involving a high demand to remain abreast with frequent changes. I work alongside various baby-boomers and they are never updated with anything. Work By Lange-Wilcox multicast, prefer to work alone, accept change readily, and access information at all they excel at mentoring less tech-savvy workers on using the innovative hardware my opinion Juggle various tasks. How to cite Work, Papers Work Free Essays When analyzing a book, each point you make must have four points: Statement – you make a point Evidence – you include a quote (something from the text) which supports your statement Analysis – explain how the quote you chose proves your statement Is true Link ? explain how all of this answers the question S – Michael Morgue uses the technique of narrative voice effectively to portray the horrors and futility of war. He does this by showing us the war from the point of view of the horse, Joey. This shows us what the war was like for both the British and the Germans in an unbiased way. We will write a custom essay sample on Work or any similar topic only for you Order Now E -â€Å"l was busying myself at tearing the last of this away when I saw, out of the corner of my eye, a man In a grey uniform clamber out of the trenches†¦ A small, helmeted figure In a flapping khaki greatcoat climbed up onto no man’s land. † A This helps us to understand that none of the men were horrible. They are described and recognized by their uniforms and nothing else. There are no differences between the men apart from their uniforms. L – This shows us the horrors and futility of war as these men were made to fight and did not know what they were fighting for. They were not angry at one another or prepared for war. Try to use this example and write your own version of this paragraph. This format Is used for all of your paragraphs, the Information you give Is the only thing that changes s technique of narrative voice show horror and futility of war Joeys first hand experience First person narrative shows things as they happen Choose one of the following quotes: â€Å"There were wounded everywhere – on stretchers, on crutches, in open ambulances, men cried and fell to the ground, and horses reared and screamed in agony of fear ND pain. The ground erupted on either side of me, throwing horses and riders clear into the air. The shells whined and roared overhead, and every explosion seemed like an earthquake to us. † â€Å"It was as I staggered out of one such crater that I lumbered into an invisible coil of barbed wire that first snagged and then trapped my foreleg. As I kicked out wildly to free myself, I felt the barbs tearing into my foreleg† â€Å"l saw the grey soldiers ahead of us raise their rifles and heard the death rattle of a machine gun † â€Å"Blind terror drove me on† â€Å"We looked back down the hill at the battle-field. How to cite Work, Papers Work Free Essays Introduction In this report, I will draw on theories into my work experience in a local English training school in my hometown, to analysis their communication system, and then make some recommendations to Improve their school performance. Description Last summer, I worked as a registration assistant in a private languages school called Younger; it is a small private English training school, which aims at improving student’s overall English ability to get higher score In English Test. Within Younger organization, the formal communication between school leaders and employees that Ely on paper-based format; the informal communication occurs teachers and students that prefer to face-to-face chats. We will write a custom essay sample on Work or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to the school communication study of Fred C. The formal communication which focuses on exchange the information regarding the work-related of school, and informal communication which emphasizes the unofficial message that unrelated to the schools education activities. For Younger school case, I will draw the classical approach theories to analyses formal communication, and using the culture approach to examine the informal communication. Through the analysis. I will find some problems about Younger’ communications, and give them some suggestions, to help them get improvement in the future. Analysis Theory 1 Younger formal communication system between employer and employee is familiar with classic approach. According to Weeper’s theory of bureaucracy, rules are priority for each organizational functioning; he believed all rules should be In written form. In Younger, to improve students’ English test score in short term, school leaders written specific daily routine and daily objectives to individuals, like when they would wake up, who can take what class and when, and the number of vocabularies students need to memorized each day. Under this system, all things rely on the rules, hierarchy was clearly established and the power was centralized within school leaders. In Younger, the school leaders built policies and communicate downward to group of managers, teachers and then students; this is a typically top-down communication. Managers, teachers and students need to follow their own Instructions, and do not have rights to change anything. Under bureaucracy management, teachers clearly knowing what the school’s goals, strategies, and objectives base on deferent rules; having a better understanding of how their Jobs contribute to other school activities Increase employees involvement; following the specific introduction could improve the work efficiency. School leaders have the big power to control and monitor day-to-day operations of school activities. On the other hand, top-down communication is hard to receive the feedback from lower level people, lacking of communication interaction lead to lost opportunities of making improvement. Sometimes, the hierarchy is complicated, some information lost since assistance from the school principal to students. In Tailor’s scientific management theory, † there is one best way to do every Job†, which means managers need to fit Job to individuals. Based on this view, Younger principal divided English teaching into three parts: reading, writing and listening, and only hired the people who specialized in one filed. This kind of teaching specializations lowers individual teacher’s responsibility for students’ test score, reduce working pressure; hired professional experts in that field, it could be provide high quality education services for students, rather more gained Younger’ competitive advantages in educational industry. However, Job specialization and teaching followed by instruction reduces the work autonomy and decrease employees’ skills, as a consequent, employee felt less passion for their Jobs. Moreover, it is hard to find the potential problems without communication among different course teachers. Theory 2 Through above analysis, we can conclude that Youngster’s formal communication system is based on classical approach that tend to be downward, paper based, and task-related. Unlike the vertical communication between the employer and employee, he horizontal communication occurs in teacher and students. Deal and Kennedy’s † Strong Cultures†, theory argued that if an organization has a strong culture, it will form the unique, hard to imitate intangible asset for that company, it would improve individual and organizational performance. This theory including four key elements: values and belief, heroes, rites and rituals, and cultural network. Since private languages education is a high competitive industry, Younger attempt to build their own school culture as their core competitive advantages. Younger used their slogan † Stay passion, Stay younger† as their belief to motivate students keep passion in their leaning, school mission aim to build the unique † Younger† sprit to attractive more students. Youngster’s principal is their Hero, for each new student orientation, principal gives the speech about how he builds Younger school to encourage student work hard. Both informal and formal communication made contribute to build the culture network. Majority informal communication during the lunchtime, teachers share legend stories to their students. To The top-leaders used downward immunization transfer school values, belief, culture, and school mission to employee and students. It is try to form a sense of belonging, commitment, and proud of being a part of Younger among the employees and students. In summary, for Youngster’s culture approach the strength is they build a strong culture connection through their passion values, principal as the legend hero, using both informal and formal communication channel to set the culture network made employees and students felt like school is a big family. Recommendation As I analyzed above, the biggest problem is the highly centralized hierarchy management system cause the weak communication system. To improve Younger communication system, my recommendation is diversify the direction of communication flows is most priority thing. Since analysis of Youngster’s structure, we can see the organization structure has influenced on communication system. Lundeberg Orenstein indicated, the structure of an effective communication Younger now has both downward and horizontal communication, I suggest building an upward flow communication. In the Younger school, upward communication is that some reflection from lower staff to the top leaders, this kind of communication an examine whether the bottom staff understood the messages from top-leaders, also can improve self-esteem of staff. Upward communication flow will make communication more effectiveness, listen more voice from different perspectives, and get more suggestions. In short, upward communication will provide a new communication channel of feedback to top-leaders, and make contribution to school’s performance. We can build the upward communication in three different types, the first type is class evaluation, gave rights to students which evaluate their teacher’s caching performance, this help leader to understand how the employees perform their Job. The second one is suggestions and improvement, gathering the ideas from staffs to increase the quality of work. The last type is exception describe the big problems to leader, make leader aware of how difficulties. To build a healthy upward flow communication there are some barriers need to overcome. Firstly, when low- level staffs try to reflect problems but sometimes, the administrators no time to respond. Secondly, the administrator’s bad attitudes or ignore the low-level staffs. Thirdly, the long-time gap between communication and reflection, it will take up to several months to accept the low-staffs’ suggestion. The last but not least, low-level staffs lacking of motivation to bring problems to the administrator’s office. There are some solutions to solve above four questions. Firstly, open door and open hours policy. To set a time, the administrator’s door open for those people who find some problems need to discuss. Secondly, school leaders can facilitate some consulting meetings to avoid bad attitudes, and also can rebuild the lower-staff confidence. Thirdly, building social media blob for gather problems, reply feedback as soon as possible. Last, setting some rewards for these useful recommendations, encourage low-level staffs give more suggestions. Conclusion In this essay, in the first part I simply describe the Younger communication strategies. In the second part, I draw the classical approach theories to analyses formal communication, and using the culture approach to examine the informal communication in Younger English training school. Through analysis, I can conclude that Youngster’s formal communication system is based on classical approach that end to be downward, paper based, and task-related. How to cite Work, Papers Work Free Essays Outline different viewpoints around an issue of public concern relevant to the sector. The different views the public have on certain cases are Lack of trust, the police and social services not doing their Jobs very well, Lack of training for example staff not knowing what they are doing and not being able to keep children safe. 5. We will write a custom essay sample on Work or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3 Describe how issues of public concern have altered public views of the sector. The public has seemed to start to lose faith in social services and police and nurseries as they think children should be looked after whilst at school. The public has stated owe care companies, social services and police have let the victims down and didn’t help enough to protect them, and didn’t take the cases serious enough. 2. 2 Describe the Information shown on own pay statement. The type of Information that Is shown on a pay statement Is a national Insurance number, the hours the employer works, the tax they pay, the amount of national Insurance the person pays, the persons address, employment number and their tax code. This exists to help protect both employees and the employer. It’s to stop explanation of workers by their employers. It’s also so workers do not get taken advantage of, if his didn’t exist there would be no rules to follow which means that some companies would do whatever they want. 1. Identify sources and types of information and advice available In relation to employment responsibilities and rights. -Contracts -Policies ;Line managers -Job descriptions -Terms and conditions 1. 2 Understand agreed ways of working that protect own relationship with employer. 2. 1 Describe the terms and conditions of own contract of employment Companies cannot Just sack employers with no reason, they have to have a reason. How to cite Work, Papers

Downloading movies and TV

Question: Write an essay onDownloading movies and TV is not a crime. Answer: Introduction The case study that has been taken revolves around the topic about downloading of movies and TV from the internet for free and is termed as not a crime. The main reason behind increased downloading in Australia is around the additional costs that come with buying the same and easy availability of the content on the Internet. Also, there are no laws that are defined to term it as a crime and thus, there is an increase of this activity among the users. New legislations and supply side of the equation are some of the solutions that have been suggested to put a check on such activities and control the same (Life, News, crime, 2014). Analysis on the basis of Classical Ethical Theories Just Consequentialism It is an ethical theory that says that the ultimate basis of rightness and wrongness of an act can be decided by the consequences on ones conduct. It says that it is the end or the final outcomes of an act that makes it ethically correct or incorrect in nature (Sinnott-Armstrong, 2003). In Australia, there is an increased download of movies and TV. There are no laws that are defined to criminalize such an act which leads to no control over it by the legislative bodies. However, as per the theory of Just Consequentialism, such an act is defined as absolutely unethical. There are reasons behind the same which are as listed below in terms of the negative consequences in such scenarios: It leads to huge loss to the makers of the movies and TV shows as they do not get the deserved revenue and cost Copyright holders can take the matter to the court by terming it as a civil issue and the downloader can be sued for such an act Compensatory damages would be levied on the downloader if proven guilty It causes harm to the business As stated above, the consequences that emerge out of the situation are negative in nature. Most commonly, downloads are done for personal use and entertainment purpose but there are many who do it on a commercial scale (Moor, 2016). There are also possible risks that are associated with such download such as an open invitation to the malicious software like virus, worms and Trojan horses. Spywares are also downloaded along with this content which may sit in the system and monitor the activities performed by the user. It can violate the security of the private and sensitive information. Virtue Ethics Another popular theory that has ethics as its basis is Virtue Ethics. It is an approach that defined the ethics on the basis of individual characteristics rather than the consequences and the act itself. The formulation of this theory is based on Eudaemonism ("Virtue Ethics - By Branch / Doctrine - The Basics of Philosophy", 2016). It says that the prime goal in life is to achieve happiness and the same can be attained by practicing virtues in everyday life and activities. In the case study, it is written that the major downloads that happen in Australia are for the personal use and entertainment purpose. As per Virtue ethics, if an act provides happiness and does not involve any malicious intention behind it, then the act is ethical in nature ("LectureforExercise1.html", 2016). There are two situations that are involved in this case study. Users who download movies and TV for personal purpose such as for entertainment or education or passing their time. Users who download the content from the internet such as movies and TV for commercial scale. These people would make money out of this content. In the first case, the virtues do not have any ill-intention or the practice of making profits over the cost of providing harm to somebody else or his or her business. However, in the second scenario, the intention is to download content for commercial purpose and at commercial scale. Virtue ethics would thus describe scenario one as ethical and scenario two as unethical in nature. Ethical Issues in ICT The present era is an era of technology and digital media. The technological advancements have given rise to the introduction of multiple ethical issues which have gained attention over the past few years and the resolution for the same is still under question. Information Communication Technology (ICT) also involves a number of different such issues that are raised on the basis of ethics. There has been a social change with the increased use of ICT and it is this change that has led to the involvement of so many ethical issues. These issues have been raised to a new and often perplexing level which has greatly affected the society in various ways. The challenges that come up with these issues are of serious impact for the individual and for the professional world as well in terms of working conditions and area of employment. However, there is still a lack of clarity and understanding around these issues which has led to hamper the design and development of resolution measures for the same (Edewor, n.d.). The most commonly occurring ethical issues in ICT are: ICT professionalism Privacy Security Cyber-crime Intellectual property Regulation on the internet Social inclusion Community and identity Pervasive and convergent computing ("CCSR:The Ethics of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Business", 2016) In the case study that is under discussion also possess the ethical issues such as: Intellectual Property Security Cyber-crime Intellectual Property is divided in to two broad categories as Copyrights and Industrial Property rights ("WTO | intellectual property (TRIPS) - what are intellectual property rights?", 2016). The download of movies and TV does lead to infringement of copyrights and provides the maker with the right to sue the downloaded by taking him/her to the civil court. Any work of entertainment or media is a work of art that involves the thought process, creative ability and the effort of the maker. These works are protected by the Copyrights to promote and protect the same. Security is another issue that emerges with the download of movies and TV. These contents may bring with them malicious software such as Spyware and Adware. These are the set of programs that are installed on a machine and are used to monitor every single activity that is performed by the user ("What is spyware and adware?", 2016). It would lead to threat to the security of confidential, private and sensitive information and would also hamper the integrity and authenticity of the same. Cyber crimes are also ethical issues that are associated with the download of digital content that is not provided from the familiar and reliable sources. For instance, the movies and their links often re-direct the users to the web sites that are malicious or may contain an application that may install an unwanted program on the system. These programs are then used by the attackers to gain information from the system and make unauthenticated and unauthorized usage of the same ("What Is Cyber Crime? - Definition, Types Examples - Video Lesson Transcript | Study.com", 2016). Cyber stalking which is a byproduct of cyber crime is also possible through such unreliable downloads. The attacker might gain the IP address of the machine and may try and communicate with the same. It is a criminal through which an attacker may try to threaten or harm somebody. This crime can be perpetrated through email, social media, chat rooms, instant messaging clients and any other online medium ("What is Cyberstalking? - Definition from Techopedia", 2016). Other cyber crimes that are associated could be attack of computer viruses, denial of service attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks and many more ("What is a computer virus? definition and meaning", 2016). Conclusion Download of movies and TV is certainly not a crime as there is no law or regulating policy that is defined around the same. However, it is not ethical in nature, if done at a commercial scale as the same would lead the copyright holders to sue the downloader on the basis of a civil issue. There are a number of ethical issues that have emerged with the increase and expansion of ICT and the three broad issues that are seen as per the case study under discussion are those related to Intellectual Property, Cyber crimes and Security. There are no adequate solutions in place around such issues and it should be the responsibility of an individual to avoid such acts as far as possible. References CCSR:The Ethics of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Business. (2016). Ccsr.cse.dmu.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 May 2016, from https://www.ccsr.cse.dmu.ac.uk/resources/general/ethicol/Ecv8no2.html Edewor, N. Ethics and Social Issues Related to Information Communication Technology (ICT). Government, Social And Legal Issues, 135-147. https://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61692-012-8.ch009 LectureforExercise1.html. (2016). Spot.colorado.edu. Retrieved 22 May 2016, from https://spot.colorado.edu/~tooley/Lecture3-EthicalTheories.html Life, D., News, D., crime, D. (2014). Downloading movies and TV is not a crime. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 May 2016, from https://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/digital-life-news/downloading-movies-and-tv-is-not-a-crime-20141126-11uyie Moor,. (2016). Retrieved 22 May 2016, from https://www.idt.mdh.se/kurser/computing/DVA417/Lectures/Moor.pdf Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2003). Consequentialism. Plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved 22 May 2016, from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/ Virtue Ethics - By Branch / Doctrine - The Basics of Philosophy. (2016). Philosophybasics.com. Retrieved 22 May 2016, from https://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_virtue_ethics.html What is a computer virus? definition and meaning. (2016). BusinessDictionary.com. Retrieved 22 May 2016, from https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/computer-virus.html What Is Cyber Crime? - Definition, Types Examples - Video Lesson Transcript | Study.com. (2016). Study.com. Retrieved 22 May 2016, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-cyber-crime-definition-types-examples.html What is Cyberstalking? - Definition from Techopedia. (2016). Techopedia.com. Retrieved 22 May 2016, from https://www.techopedia.com/definition/14326/cyberstalking What is spyware and adware?. (2016). Spychecker.com. Retrieved 22 May 2016, from https://www.spychecker.com/spyware.html WTO | intellectual property (TRIPS) - what are intellectual property rights?. (2016). Wto.org. Retrieved 22 May 2016, from https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/intel1_e.htm

Superbowl Commercials Essays - Advertising, Marketing,

Superbowl Commercials Super Bowl advertising: What really works? Introduction. 1. Introduction. Once a year almost the entire U.S. population sits down to watch the same program, the Super Bowl. But they are also watching scores of brand new commercials. The commercials they are watching are produced by the best and the brightest in the business using immense amounts of money. At a record average of $2.2 million dollars per 30-second spot, 25 percent more than 1999 commercial spots, each commercial is very special or at least should be.( ) Research shows that Super bowl commercials are recalled at more than double the rate of commercials run during normal prime time programming. ( ) And with 58 commercials scheduled, it's important to be special, creative, and original. It would be a colossal waste of money, after all, if viewers turned sponsors' shill time into opportunities for refrigerator runs and bathroom breaks. The Superbowl ads cost $165 million dollars to make and then display. ( ) ABC estimated 130,745,000 people watched the game, making it the fifth-biggest audience for any TV telecast. 1999's Super bowl game, broadcast by Fox, was watched by 127.5 million. ( ) Commercials aired during the Super Bowl can generate almost as much attention as the football itself. If the game fails to be comparative early on, there can be significant fall off in viewers. Advertisers whose commercials air in the fourth quarter of a lopsided game can take as much of beating as the losing team. The reverse also can be true, however. If the game is close, no one will be going anywhere and more people will view the commercials. Purpose for the study. The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not it is financially feasible for Super Bowl advertisers to pay high cost commercials spots shown during the prime time. The Super Bowl telecast typically attracts the biggest TV audience of the year and it has become a showcase for advertising as well, allowing the network that carries it to charge seemingly endlessly escalating prices. To millions of people, half the fun of watching the Super Bowl is the commercials. But do people really pay attention to what is advertised or do they just watch the commercials to find out if they are funny? The study will focus on audience's retention, and advertising effectiveness. This study will be a valuable tool for companies that wish to advertise during future Super bowl events. Advertising companies can utilize this study to evaluate the effectiveness upon the audience. II. Methodology. People can forget advertising very rapidly. So we will wait a week or two before checking to see if commercials are still having a measurable effect on them. When we contact them we want to use something that gets through to virtually everybody, everywhere, on the first try. With today's busy lifestyles, voice mail and answering machines, the telephone will not be the method of choice. We will do this type of ad tracking by reaching all types of people everywhere, and we wanted the number who decline to participate to be as small as possible. We will accomplish all these objectives by mailing questionnaires to a nationwide sample drawn from all households for which an address is available from either an auto registration or a telephone listing, six days after the Super Bowl. First: How many noticed the commercials? Recognition provides the best measure of intrusiveness because it is the most accurate, complete and reliable measure of the number that noticed the commercial. It separates the people who noticed a commercial from those who ignored it, or were never exposed to it, so we can see if it had any effect on them. It shows if the communication process had a chance to start. We will also look at a key measure of the information communicated by the commercials. How many remembered who they were for? Some commercials for jeans and credit cards did an excellent job getting noticed but not in getting the name across. Second: How many were affected by the commercials they noticed? The previous measures only show if the commercial had a chance to affect people. To find out if it actually did, two types of measures will be used -- likability and diagnostics. However, if people

Pandillas como MS-13 y leyes migratorias de EE.UU.

Pandillas como MS-13 y leyes migratorias de EE.UU. Ser miembro de una pandilla como la MS-13 o la Mara Salvatrucha, o incluso la simple sospecha de pertenencia actual o pasada causa problemas migratorios gravà ­simos para todos los extranjeros presentes en el paà ­s. Por su gran impacto migratorio, este artà ­culo informa sobre quà © es una pandilla, conocida tambià ©n como mara, cà ³mo las autoridades migratorias obtienen informacià ³n sobre quià ©n es o puede ser pandillero, cules son las consecuencias migratorias y quà © se puede hacer si se tienen problemas por esta razà ³n.  ¿Quà © se considera que es una pandilla o mara? No hay una definicià ³n legal à ºnica sobre quà © es una pandilla. Sin embargo, el Departamento de Seguridad Interna (DHS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), del que dependen organismos migratorios como ICE y USCIS, considera que una pandilla es una asociacià ³n formal o informal de tres o ms personas que tiene como uno de sus principales objetivos cometer uno o ms delitos. Es decir, una mara no tiene que ser una organizacià ³n grande y conocida como la Mara Salvatrucha, la MS-13 o los Latin Kings.  ¿Cà ³mo saben las autoridades migratorias que un migrante es pandillero? Las autoridades migratorias consultan una o varias bases de datos que incluyen informacià ³n sobre las personas que pertenecen a alguna de esas organizaciones o de quienes se sospecha que tienen algà ºn tipo de afiliacià ³n con las mismas o, incluso, quienes pertenecieron en el pasado. Entre la informacià ³n que se registra en las bases de datos se encuentran los nombres de los pandilleros, apodos, direccià ³n, descripcià ³n fà ­sica y marcas, como por ejemplo lunares o cicatrices, tatuajes, nacionalidad, identificacià ³n de la pandilla a la que pertenecen o con la que se sospecha que estn afiliados y posicià ³n dentro de la misma. Entre las bases de datos ms utilizadas destaca GangNet. Se sabe que la utilizan al menos el FBI, ICE - la agencia encargada de ejecutar las leyes migratorias- , 14 estados y el Distrito de Columbia. En 2016, ICE dejà ³ de utilizar ICEGangs y ahora busca informacià ³n sobre posibles pandilleros en la citada GangNet y en otras bases de datos como, ICM, EID y FALCON. Adems, estados, condados o ciudades pueden tener sus propias bases de datos para este fin. Una de las ms completas es CalGang, a la cual aà ±aden informacià ³n todos los departamentos de policà ­a del estado de California. Se da por hecho entre los abogados migratorios que el Departamento de Seguridad Interna, del cual dependen ICE y USCIS, tiene acceso a la informacià ³n que contienen muchas de esas bases de datos locales o estatales, pero se desconoce el alcance de la colaboracià ³n.  ¿Cà ³mo se incluye una persona en una base de datos sobre pandillas o maras? Segà ºn el Centro de Recursos Legales Migratorios (ILRC, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), el nombre de una persona puede incluirse en una base de datos sobre pertenencia o afiliacià ³n con maras en cuatro situaciones. En primer lugar, como resultado de la investigacià ³n de un delito. En segundo lugar, por lo que se declara cuando se est en custodia de la policà ­a. En tercer lugar, por condena en un juicio y, en cuarto lugar, como consecuencia de lo que un agente anota durante lo que se conoce como una entrevista de campo (field interview, en inglà ©s). En este contexto, debe entenderse como una entrevista de campo una interaccià ³n entre un pandillero o sospecho de serlo y un agente de la policà ­a que tiene lugar en un vecindario de una ciudad con un alto à ­ndice de presencia pandillera. Cada estado establece sus propias reglas para determinar cundo el agente puede incluir a una persona en una base de datos de pandillas, por lo que es imposible brindar reglas generales. Sin embargo, en California, donde la presencia pandillera es notable, la ley permite la inclusià ³n de una persona en CalGang si cumple al menos dos de los siguientes requisitos: Ha reconocido pertenecer a una maraHa sido arrestada en compaà ±Ãƒ ­a de personas conocidas como pandillerosHa sido identificada como miembro de una pandilla por un informanteExhibe sà ­mbolos o gestos manuales propios de pandillasTiene tatuajes propios de pandillasFrecuenta lugares en los que se reà ºnen las pandillasViste ropa que se identifica con una determinada mara Como consecuencia de la laxitud de los requisitos para ser incluido en una base de datos sobre pandillas, entre los defensores de los migrantes se argumenta que muchas de las personas incluidas en las mismas no son, en realidad, pandilleros. Adems, cuando una persona est detenida en una crcel o prisià ³n no migratoria frecuentemente se registra su afiliacià ³n con una pandilla - verificada o presunta- para evitar colocar en el mismo mà ³dulo carcelario a miembros de distintas organizaciones. Asimismo, agencias migratorias como la Policà ­a Fronteriza (CBP, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) e ICE tambià ©n registran si una persona es sospechosa de pertenecer a pandillas e incluso agencias privadas que gestionan crceles migratorias, como CCA y GEO, tambià ©n realizan esta clase de anotaciones. Por otro lado, hay que tener en consideracià ³n que cada jurisdiccià ³n establece las reglas sobre si es obligatorio notificar a una persona que ha sido incluida en alguna de dichas bases de datos o registros sobre pertenencia a pandillas, por lo que en muchos casos el interesado no sabe que su nombre ha sido incluido. Una vez que el nombre ha sido incluido, es muy difà ­cil sacarlo de la base de datos. Estar incluido en una base de datos de maras,  ¿cà ³mo afecta a los asuntos migratorios? La pertenencia a pandillas se considera, desde el punto de vista migratorio, como una amenaza a la seguridad nacional de los Estados Unidos, lo cual significa que si un migrante es calificado como tal, tiene un problema migratorio gravà ­simo. Hay que destacar distintas situaciones. En primer lugar, si una persona extranjera est detenida por Inmigracià ³n y se sabe o sospecha que es miembro de una pandilla como los Latin King, MS-13 o Mara Salvatrucha, no va a obtener una fianza o, si la obtuviese, va a ser por un monto muy alto. Adems, se inicia un procedimiento de deportacià ³n o expulsià ³n en su contra. No cabe duda de que la pertenencia actual o pasada a una pandilla o mara es causa prioritaria de deportacià ³n. En el caso de migrantes no detenidos que solicitan un beneficio migratorio, como un ajuste de estatus, por ejemplo, DACA para jà ³venes indocumentados que llegaron a Estados Unidos siendo nià ±os o la visa U para và ­ctimas de violencia, dicho beneficio puede ser negado y, de hecho, eso es lo que sucede en la mayorà ­a de los casos. La denegacià ³n del beneficio migratorio puede deberse porque se pregunta especà ­ficamente en el formulario de aplicacià ³n sobre pertenencia a pandillas y, en caso de que asà ­ sea, se aplica lo que se conoce como causa de inadmisibilidad (a)(3)(B) que da lugar a que no se pueda estar en EE.UU. y se inicie un proceso de deportacià ³n. En otros casos en los que no se se realiza esa pregunta, como es el caso de los formularios de DACA, el beneficio ser negado casi siempre porque el oficial del USCIS tiene el poder discrecional de decidir si aprueba el beneficio que se solicita y, en el caso de los pandilleros, la regla general es no aprobarlo.  ¿Quà © se puede hacer cuando un migrante es sospechoso de pandillero? Estos son casos muy delicados y que deben ser siempre tratados en confidencialidad con un abogado que tenga experiencia en este tipo de casos y que conozca las reglas y reglamentos del estado respecto a pandillas y bases de datos. Si una persona extranjera se ha movido en cà ­rculos pandilleros, aunque no haya pertenecido a ninguna pandilla o si realmente ha tenido membresà ­a en alguna de ellas, deberà ­a consultar con un abogado antes de solicitar cualquier tipo de beneficio migratorio, ya que podrà ­a estar provocando el inicio de un proceso de deportacià ³n en su contra. Es importante que el abogado conozca si el estado est obligado a comunicar la inclusià ³n de una persona en la base de datos. En el caso de que se produzca dicha comunicacià ³n, se debe contratar a un abogado para que intente apelar y borrar el nombre del migrante de dicha base de datos. Si se vive en una jurisdiccià ³n donde la autoridad no est obligada a notificar la inclusià ³n de una persona en un registro de maras, es importante que el abogado intente recabar esa informacià ³n indirectamente. Por ejemplo, solicitando rà ©cords de posibles arrestos, de oficiales de libertad condicional o parole o, incluso, de high school, ya que en muchas escuelas se realizan anotaciones sobre posible pertenencia a pandillas de los estudiantes. Puntos clave Las pandillas o maras son consideradas una amenaza a la seguridad de EE.UU.Membresà ­a o sospecha de pertenencia a pandillas es causa de problemas migratorios graves.Existen varias bases de datos de pandilleros. Es posible estar en una sin saberlo. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Cemetery Where Al Jolson Is Buried English Literature Essay

Cemetery Where Al Jolson Is Buried English Literature Essay Loss of A Loved One. Amy Hempel’s short story, â€Å"In the Cemetery Where Al Jolson Is Buried† is a semi autobiography heartrending story dedicated to her beloved friend, Jessica Wolfson, who died from terminally ill. This short story shows complicated emotions and feelings of grief and fear after losing a loved one. The narrator and the dying friend are unnamed due to affect the reader to get the story more personally. Hempel does not mention the names of the characters so the reader can imagine themselves related to the narrator and her dying friend by placing the emotions and feelings of their own to be the part of story. By revealing the characters’ names in the story might present the reader not to get from the feelings of empathy and grief over losing beloved friend. The style of â€Å"In the Cemetery Where Al Jolson Is Buried† is minimalism by using an economy with words and a focus on surface description instead of using superfluous with words an d a depict of description. Hempel does well with this style because she can achieve amazingly throughout the critics. This short story is her first effort at writing story when she composed in Gordon Lish’s class at Columbia. Her stories are very well-known because they were taught among university student in the class of short stories worldwide. â€Å"In the Cemetery Where Al Jolson Is Buried† originally appeared in TriQuarterly magazine in 1983 and then reprinted in Amy Hempel’s first published collection of stories in 1985, Reasons to Live, as the most widely anthologized stories of the last quarter century. Hempel is now well-known as postmodern writer. She writes in theme of tragic comedy as if she attempts to hide the grief and sadness behind the smile. Hempel avoids the words mean exactly death in her story by using the symbol of death instead. It seems like she is still cannot cope with the grief and the loss. Even this story is minimalism but Hempel use s her talents to make reader understand her work like she is painting on the canvas page. Her language in this story is very beautiful by creating sentences as remarkable with the use of rhetoric and rhythm. Due to Amy Hempel’s interview with the Paris Review magazine she was asked how to make stories strive for cohesion, from language to logic, to how an image develops. She told that the topic is music. Amy Hempel said: â€Å"I have started a story knowing the beat, the rhythm of the first line or first paragraph, but without knowing what the words are. I will be doing the equivalent of humming a tune over and over again and then this tune will be translated into a sentence. So I might be thinking, da-da-da-da-da-da-dadada, that will become, â€Å"Tell me things I won’t mind forgetting,† which is the first line of In the Cemetery Where Al Jolson Is Buried† (Hempel Interview. The Art of Fiction No. 176) This story setting is in hospital near California co ast. The narrator reveals her grief story with her dying friend who is unnamed. Both have much great time together since they were in college. The narrator has delayed visiting her ill best friend for two months because she fears of death and loss. The friend asks the narrator to tell her something that she will not mind forgetting. Stories that the narrator tells her dying friend are quite humor and light, the stories that are nonsense and trivia. Her friend enjoys listening to her story except the sad story one about the chimp that has a heartbreaking in the end. Then the doctor enters her friend room and the narrator decides to walk out at the beach near the hospital. At the beach the narrator is walking along the coast while thinking about the relationship between her and her dying friend. The narrator returns from the beach and lies down near the friend watching a movie together while eating ice cream. Both fall asleep because of the injection. When the narrator wakes up, she t ells her friend that she really wants to go home and she will not come back for sure. Actually, the narrator fears that she does not want to see a loved one die in front of her. Even though she feels weak, small, failed and also exhilarated but she still feels guilty that she has left her terminally ill friend alone. When the narrator said that she want to go home, the dying friend is speechless. She yanks off her mask and throws it on the floor and runs out of the room following the narrator. Next morning her friend is moved to the cemetery, the only one where Al Jolson is buried. The narrator is never come back to visit her or even visit her funeral ceremony. She is still being afraid of death and loss because she is not allowing herself to grieve the truth that her best friend is now died.

Human Services 322 Ideology and Policy Evolution (Rev.C2) Assignment

Human Services 322 Ideology and Policy Evolution (Rev.C2) - Assignment Example People learn from the society on what to believe and what to say and even how to act. When the society holds the belief that the disabled in society do not need to be accorded any justice or treated fairly because they are not the same as the rest of the people, then everybody else in society will follow suit in the oppression. The societal beliefs are also what makes the rest of the society consider the people living with various forms of disabilities as deserving to suffer whether from humiliation, being treated with hostility or being condemned and especially to those suffering from mental disabilities and do not have the power to fight for their rights (Lightman, 2003). The other cause of oppression to the disabled in society is brought about by a misunderstanding. This misunderstanding is spread through propaganda by the media which depicts the disables as being lazy and hence slow in doing their work. This is clearly a misunderstanding and a misconception because the disabled are slowed down by their significant impairment. A crippled man using clutches for example cannot be expected to work at a faster rate as a normal and abled individual. Some of these people with disabilities also suffer constant pain and hence have to rest every now and then. These are the signs that are misconstrued and regarded as being laziness and slowness while they are indeed trying out their best. The other disabled on the streets seeking assistance are another reason for being regarded as lazy but they are simply seeking help but this does not mean they are lazy (Tomlinson & Trew, 2005). The other cause of oppression is simply dislike for the disabled people because they are different from the rest of the people. The dislike is in such excess as to cause people to make the disabled suffer. The dislike is usually brought about by the fact that the disabled get the welfare assistance, are exempted from

ROLE AND CHALLENGES OF ERP(ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING) IN SUPPLY Dissertation

ROLE AND CHALLENGES OF ERP(ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING) IN SUPPLY CHAIN SECTOR IN FMCG(FAST MOVING CONSUMER GOODS) INDUSTRY IN - Dissertation Example The performance of the supply chain provides an edge to the company over its competitors. It can be well understood that when a country has such massive establishment of FMCG industry, then supply chain would be surely playing an important role in this sector. Keeping in mind the significance of supply chain in FMCG sector in India and the increasing use of technology in the retail and FMCG sector, this study aims to thoroughly analyze the significance and challenges of implementing Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) in the supply chain of the FMCG sector of Lucknow, India. The issues which the supply chain companies face due to incorrect ERP implementation or inadequate training would also be discussed. Further, instances of breakdown of the supply chain services in the FMCG sector due to ERP problems would also be discussed. Secondary research was conducted and the literature available on the subject was studied to discuss the significance of ERP in the supply chain. The role of IT integrated supply chain in companies like ITC, HUL, Dabur, and Nestle have identified. It was found that ERP integration has streamlined the information flow and has assisted in smooth flow of goods and services. The respondents considered to conduct the study confirmed the fact that all the four FMCG companies have excellent IT integrated framework and they are quite satisfied with its performance. Table of Contents Abstract 2 CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION 8 1.1 FMCG Industry in India 8 1.2 India Competitiveness and Comparison with the World Markets 9 1.3 SWOT Analysis of the FMCG Industry in India 11 1.4 Supply Chain in FMCG Sector 13 1.5 ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) in Supply Chain 14 1.6 Outline of the Study 15 1.7 Research Objectives 16 1.8 Problem Statement 17 1.9 Research Question 17 CHAPTER II – LITERATURE REVIEW 17 2.1 Supply Chain Sector in India 17 2.2 Role of Supply Chain in the FMCG Sector of India 21 2.3 Usage of Technology in the Supply Chain Segment 2 4 2.4 Penetration of Technology in the FMCG Sector of India 27 2.5 Significance of EPR in Supply Chain Management 31 2.6 Implementation of ERP for Supply Chain Management in FMCG Sector 34 2.7 Challenges in the Implementation and Usage of ERP 37 2.9 ERP in Few Major FMCG Companies in Lucknow, India 39 2.9.1 Indian Tobacco Company (ITC) 40 2.9.2 Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) 42 2.9.3 NESTLE India 45 2.9.4 DABUR India Ltd. 47 CHAPTER III – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Justification for Methodology 50 3.2.1 Qualitative Methodology 51 3.2.2 Case Study Research 52 3.2 Data Collection Instrument 53 3.2.1 Construct Validity 53 3.2.2 Internal Validity 54 3.2.3 External Validity 54 3.2.4 Reliability 55 3.3 Questionnaire Survey 55 3.4 Sources of Data 56 3.5 Administration of Procedure 57 3.6 Ethical Considerations 57 CHAPTER IV –FINDINGS AND DATA ANALYSIS 58 4.1Findings 58 CHAPTER V – CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 71 5.1 Conclusion 71 IT integrated s upply chain is the most significant component of the firm’s infrastructure. The FMCG companies in India are utilizing the boom and development of technology in the country to the fullest. India is a vast country with increasing population. Though it is considered to be a marketer’s paradise, but on the other hand managing physical logistics system is really troublesome because of various barriers. In order to avoid these barriers FMCG companies ha

Gross Domestic Product Essay Example for Free

Gross Domestic Product Essay 2. Using information from our textbook and from the following BEA links, define each of the sub components of GDP and discuss their importance. (20 points) The BEA links are: http://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/nipa_primer.pdf â€Å"Measuring the Economy: A Primer on GDP and the National Income and Product Accounts† http://www.bea.gov/about/pdf/jep_spring2008.pdf â€Å"Taking the Pulse of the Economy: Measuring GDP† http://www.bea.gov/scb/pdf/national/nipa/methpap/mpi1_0907.pdf â€Å"An Introduction to the National Income and Product Accounts† 1. GDP is Gross domestic product. GDP is the market value of all the goods and services produced by labor and property located in the country. The GDP is comprised of Sub-Components to the Major Components. The components of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) tell you what that country is good at producing. 2. Personal consumption measures the real value of goods and services purchased by individuals. It is very important because over 70% of what the U.S. produces is for personal consumption. 3. Goods Comprehensive is the measure of how much consumers spend each month. This uncludes durable goods, consumer products, and services. This is an important factor because it is an included measure of GDP, and the figure acts an indicator for economic trends. How much consumers spend also has an affect on inflationary pressures. Goods or products make up nearly one-fourth of the US economy. 4. Durable Goods are the hard goods that yield utility over time, rather than being completely consumed all at once. Some examples of durables goods are automobiles, jewelry, and furniture. Although this is the smallest category (only 7%), it still has an impact on GDP. 5. Nondurable Goods are soft goods or consumables, which are goods that need replaced immediately or are used all at one time. Examples of nondurable goods are food and clothing. These goods also make up a small portion (16%), however, still important to GDP. 6. Services are explained as the non-material equivalent of a good. Service provision has been defined as an economic activity that does not result in ownership. No transfer of possession takes place when services are sold. Examples of such are financial services or healthcare. Nearly half (47%) of US GDP is made up services, not products. This makes this portion very important. 7. Gross private domestic investment (I) are the expenditures on capital goods that are used for productive activities in the domestic economy that are undertaken by the business sector during a given period of time. Gross private domestic investment make up anywhere between 12-18% of gross domestic product. Investment is an important cause of business fluctuations. 8. Fixed investments are the investment expenditures that include capital goods, such as means of production, that most people consider spending on fixed capital. This area is important because it is one of two main categories of gross private domestic investment included in the National Income and Product Accounts maintained by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. 9. Nonresidentials are the purchases of nonresidential structures, equipment, and software. Nonresidentials are important for future productivity growth, optimism of businesses, and economic growth. 10. Structures are important in general. These are office buildings, shopping centers, warehouses, restaurants, industrial buildings and institutional buildings. 11. Equipment and software are hardware and machinery. These are important for increasing and improving productivity. 12. Residentials are homes, apartments, or condominiums and residential equipment that is owned by landlords and rented to tenants. These areas account for about a quarter of all private investment. 13. Change in private inventories are the changes in inventory investment which measure the value of the change in the physical volume of inventories over a specified period. This includes the value of goods owned by private business at the end of a specified period, whether the goods were made in that period or in the past. Inventory investment makes up a very small percentage of GDP, however, it is still an important component of GDP. 14. Net exports of goods and services (X-IM) are described as the growth in imports and exports of goods in the U.S. These goods are only finished goods, not including intermediate products. Imports and exports have great effects on GDP. 15. Exports (X) are an addition to GDP and therefore, are important. They are a way of economic transfer. 16. Goods are the physical products sent or transported abroad for future trade or sale. 17. Services include non-material goods. This is usually economic activity sold outside the US. 18. Imports (IM) are economic transfers that are opposite, yet greater than exports. 19. Goods include physical products that are purchased and sent in from foreign countries. 20. Services are non physical products that are sent in from foreign countries. 21. Government consumptions expenditures and gross investment (G) is usually subtracted from the actual GDP numbers and the growth rate. This is so that it is possible to reach an easier understanding of activity and demand. Because the governments actions can be dependent on other factors than supply and demand, it is important to reach this figure. 22. Federal is the measure of the federal governments expenditures.

Ludwig Van Beethoven :: essays research papers

Ludwig van Beethoven, a German composer, generally considered one of the greatest composers in the Western tradition. Born in Bonn, Beethoven was reared in to the capricious discipline of his father, a singer in the court chapel. In1789, because of his father's alcoholism, the young Beethoven became a court musician in order to support his family. His early compositions under the tutelage of German composer Christian Gottlob Neefe, particularly the funeral on the death of Holy Roman Emperor Joseph || in1790, signaled an important talent, and it was planned that Beethoven study in Vienna, Australia, with Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Although Mozart's death in 1791 prevented this, Beethoven went to Vienna in 1792, and he became a pupil of an Australian composer named Joseph Haydn. In Vienna, Beethoven dazzled the aristocracy with his piano improvisations. Meanwhile, he entered into increasingly favorable arrangements with Viennese music publishers. In composition he steered a middle course between the stylistic extravagance of German composer Carl Phillip Emanuel Bach and what the public had perceived as the overrefinement of Mozart. The broadening market for published music, enabled Beethoven to succeed as a freelance composer, a path that Mozart, a decade earlier, had found full of frustration. In the first decade of the 19th century, Beethoven renounced the sectional, loosely constructed style of works such as the popular Septet op. 20, for strings and winds, and turned to a fresh expansion of the musical language bequeathed by Haydn and Mozart. Despite his exaggerated claim that he had never learned anything from Haydn, he had gone so far as to seek additional instruction from German composer, Johann Georg Albrechtsberger. Beethoven soon revealed his complete assimilation of the Viennese classical style in every major instrumental genre. The majority of the works for which he is most readily remembered for today, were composed during the decade bounded by the Symphony no. 3, a period known as his heroic decade. Beethoven's fame reached it's zenith during these years, but the steadily worsening hearing impairment that he had first noted in 1798 led to an increasing sense of social isolation. Gradually, Beethoven settled into a pattern of shifting residences, spending summers in the Viennese suburbs, and moving back to the city each autumn. In 1802 in his celebrated "Heiligenstadt Testament" a quasi-legal letter to his two brothers, he expressed his agony over his growing deafness. After 1805, accounts of Beethoven's eccentricities multiplied.

Senior Geography Project

I have chosen to pick Broadmeadow for the area, as whilst I got robbed, many other community members got robbed on the same day, by the same person. This area seems relevant to my investigation and should provide some interesting results. The area is also very close to home, so I wouldn’t need to go out of my way to get to the place needed for investigating. The three aims that I have chosen all relate back to the robbery that took place in my home. I want to investigate if this was just coincidence or if this is happening across the whole board.I also want to investigate the security measures people have put into place to counter this criminal aactivity. Aims of the topic: 1. To investigate the trends in Crime Rate over the last 5 years 2. To investigate the security measures people have put into place 3. To identify major types of crime Hypotheses: 1. Over the last 5 years, I think that the crime rate has slowly increased, to its peak. On the radio/tv/computer I hear about d ifferent robberies daily. I think this trend will have an affect across all of NSW and Australia. 2. In Broadmeadow, I think that people will have ssimilar security measures as one another.I think this would be because of council regulation and what other people in the neighborhood have recommended. 3. I think that the most common form of crime in the Broadmeadow area would be either theft or break and enter. Due to the large amount of criminal aactivity in the area. Plan of Investigation/Methodology Steps for Research: 1. Find topic – research if applicable in area 2. Find aims, hypothesize the aims 3. Rationale of the topic 4. Finding of ways to collect and provide examples 5. Walk around Broadmeadow area and recording security measures 6.Interview police on crime rates/ major types of crime in Broadmeadow 7. Research on the internet the verify findings 8. Analyse information 9. Evaluate findings 10. Does this support or refute the hypotheses? 11. What are the implications of the findings Explanations: 1. Whilst walking around the Broadmeadow area, I will record what security measures owiners have on their houses into a table. This will include 50 houses from 3 roads – Everton Street, Dumaresq Street and Blackall Street. Next I will gather all this data and find the ppercentage of each security measure.Next I will analyse these findings and compare them to findings on the internet and make an appropriate conclusion either supporting or refuting the hypothesis made. 2. I will create an interview based on the findings of the previous research. These questions will involve finding statistics on crime rates/major types which I can then relate back to the previous research found. Once the data has been recorded, I will separate these findings into two graphs; One graph will show the deviation in in crime rates, the other will show major types of crime and the security measure most affected by this.

12 Angry Men †the Definition of a Leader Essay

Yvette Perkins MBA-6620/Paper 1 The definition of a leader can be expressed in many ways. In reference to the movie 12 Angry Men, I have come to agree with the quote of our sixth President John Quincy Adams which states â€Å"if your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more, and become more, you are a leader. † (Smith, 14) In this movie the main character Davis played by Henry Fonda was able to influence 11 other jurors by introducing the concept of possibility. Davis exemplified leadership through his behavior, thinking, and communication skills in his efforts to persuade the other jurors. To begin, Davis’ behavior displayed positive energy throughout the entire movie. Upon entering the room he remained silent and observant of the other jurors. From our discussion packet I have learned an important success secret, which is to be â€Å"quick to listen, slow to speak, slow to anger. † (Smith, 31) This method proved to be meaningful through his actions. He was able to keep his composure during the arguments of the jurors. In order to become an effective leader, your passion, confidence, and determination must be expressed through your body language, as did Davis. In addition to that, I have come to learn that â€Å"thinking is the deliberate exploration of experience for a purpose. † (Smith, 3) In my opinion, Davis followed the trinity thinking model. In pursuit of his purpose he used direction by asking the other juror â€Å"is it possible†. He used perception by being observant of his surroundings and the others that surrounded him. Finally, he used lateral thinking by assessing the possibilities. Davis stood by his assumption that there was reasonable doubt in his mind. I believe that he saw the evidence as â€Å"EBNE†, it was excellent nut not enough. (Smith, 7) In his exploration of possibilities he took the approach of two Greek philosophers. One was Socrates and the approach through question and two Aristotle the approach through box logic. In this case Davis thought outside the box. Last but not least, communication skills are crucial to becoming an effective leader. As we have learned from our discussion on how the brain flows into perception, people are happy with stability and are reluctant to change their ways. Well, in the movie some jurors were reluctant to change their perception of the case, which we also know as â€Å"blocked by openness†. (Smith, 19) Davis try’s to challenge their perception by using, manipulating, and managing the facts presented in the case. By asking questions he was able to uncover insights and new evidence which lead to the other jurors changing their votes from guilty to not guilty. To conclude, â€Å"It is what you cause to happen in the mind of a listener that makes you interesting†. Smith, 19) I truly believe that the hardest obstacle of life is getting people to think what you think and fighting human nature. However, Davis has showed us that it is possible. According to the five stages of thinking from the packet, the stage of possibility is the generative stage. This stage is where we create possible solutions and approaches. My definition of a leader is someone who analyzes information, challenge the facts, and initiates change; which was demonstrated by Henry Fonda in the movie 12 Angry Men.

U.S. Governments Role in Sterilizing Women of Color

U.S. Governments Role in Sterilizing Women of Color Imagine going to the hospital for a common surgical procedure such as an appendectomy, only to find out afterward that you’d been sterilized. In the 20th century, untold numbers of women of color endured such life-altering experiences in part because of medical racism. Black, Native American, and Puerto Rican women report being sterilized without their consent after undergoing routine medical procedures or after giving birth. Others say they unknowingly signed documentation allowing them to be sterilized or were coerced into doing so. The experiences of these women strained relations between people of color and healthcare personnel. In the 21st century, members of communities of color still widely distrust medical officials. Black Women Sterilized in North Carolina Countless numbers of Americans who were poor, mentally ill, from minority backgrounds or otherwise regarded as â€Å"undesirable† were sterilized as the eugenics movement gained momentum in the United States. Eugenicists believed that measures should be taken to prevent undesirables from reproducing so that problems such as poverty and substance abuse would be eliminated in future generations. By the 1960s, tens of thousands of Americans were sterilized in state run eugenics programs, according to NBC News. North Carolina was one of 31 states to adopt such a program. Between 1929 and 1974 in North Carolina, 7,600 people were sterilized. Eighty-five percent of those sterilized were women and girls, while 40 percent were minorities (most of whom were black). The eugenics program was eliminated in 1977 but legislation permitting involuntary sterilization of residents remained on the books until 2003. Since then, the state has tried to devise a way to compensate those it sterilized. Up to 2,000 victims were believed to be still living in 2011. Elaine Riddick, an African American woman, is one of the survivors. She says she was sterilized after giving birth in 1967 to a child she conceived after a neighbor raped her when she was just 13 years old. â€Å"Got to the hospital and they put me in a room and that’s all I remember,† she told NBC News. â€Å"When I woke up, I woke up with bandages on my stomach.† She didn’t discover that she’d been sterilized until a doctor informed her that she’d been â€Å"butchered† when Riddick  was unable to have children with her husband. The state’s eugenics board ruled that she should be sterilized after she was described in records as â€Å"promiscuous† and â€Å"feebleminded.† Puerto Rican Women Robbed of Reproductive Rights More than a third of women in the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico were sterilized from the 1930s to the 1970s as a result of a partnership between the U.S. government, Puerto Rican lawmakers and medical officials. The United States has ruled the island since 1898. In the decades following, Puerto Rico experienced a number of economic problems, including a high unemployment rate. Government officials decided that the island’s economy would experience a boost if the population were reduced. Many of the women targeted for sterilization were reportedly working class, as doctors didn’t think poor women could manage to effectively use contraception. Moreover, many women received sterilizations for free or for very little money as they entered the work force. Before long, Puerto Rico won the dubious distinction of having the world’s highest sterilization rate. So common was the procedure that it was widely known as â€Å"La Operacion† among islanders. Thousands of men in Puerto Rico underwent sterilizations as well. Roughly a third of Puerto Ricans sterilized reportedly did not understand the nature of the procedure, including that it meant they would not be able to bear children in the future. Sterilization was not the only way in which Puerto Rican women’s reproductive rights were violated. U.S. pharmaceutical researchers also experimented on Puerto Rican women for human trials of the birth control pill in the 1950s. Many women experienced severe side effects such as nausea and vomiting. Three even died. The participants had not been told that  the birth control pill was experimental and that they were participating in a clinical trial, only that they were taking medication to prevent pregnancy. The researchers in that study were later accused of exploiting women of color to acquire FDA approval of their drug. The Sterilization of Native American Women Native American women also report enduring government-ordered sterilizations. Jane Lawrence details their experiences in her Summer 2000 piece for American Indian Quarterly- â€Å"The Indian Health Service and the Sterilization of Native American Women.† Lawrence reports how two teenage girls had their tubes tied without their consent after undergoing appendectomies at an Indian Health Service (IHS) hospital in Montana. Also, a young American Indian woman visited a doctor asking for a â€Å"womb transplant,† apparently unaware that no such procedure exists and that the hysterectomy she’d had earlier meant that she and her husband would never have biological children. â€Å"What happened to these three females was a common occurrence during the 1960s and 1970s,† Lawrence states. â€Å"Native Americans accused the Indian Health Service of sterilizing at least 25 percent of Native American women who were between the ages of 15 and 44 during the 1970s.† Lawrence reports that Native American women say INS officials did not give them complete information about sterilization procedures, coerced them to sign paperwork consenting to such procedures and gave them improper consent forms, to name a few. Lawrence says Native American women were targeted for sterilization because they had higher birthrates than white women and that white male doctors used minority women to gain expertise in performing gynecological procedures, among other dubious reasons. Cecil Adams of the Straight Dope website has questioned whether as many Native American women were sterilized as Lawrence cited in her piece. However, he does not deny that women of color were indeed targets of sterilization. Those women who were sterilized reportedly suffered greatly. Many marriages ended in divorce and the development of mental health problems ensued.

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Human Resource Management - Essay Example Human resource management strategies of Facebook Facebook is well known social networking service company that was founded in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg with his university roommates there are over 600 million users on Facebook. As at 2011 January, the number of employees at Facebook was over 2000, working in 15 different countries. It is difficult to explain the human resource management of Facebook, this is because of the nature of the company, the HR policies of the company and the management structure of the company (Anonymous, 2011). However, working at the company provides an exciting opportunity to the employees and provides room for innovation for those ready to test new ideas. Planning of employees The human resource management at Facebook Company has the duty of making sure that it plans well for the future of the company in terms of human resource. One critical aspect involved in planning is ensuring that the company has enough employees who will adequately serve the company and help it achieve its objectives. At Facebook, this done by selection and recruitment that allows the company to get the talent and skills it requires (Anonymous, 2011). Managing of human resources at Facebook Managing staff is not easy. There are many issues that comes up which the management has to deal with. However, with proper strategies and polices it becomes easy. As noted by Kotler (1996) there is need to fully maximize on the available staff. Facebook Company views human resource management in a more innovative way in managing it workforce, as opposed to the traditional way. Accordingly, the management has adopted techniques that allow the company to express it goals in a specific manner so that it can be understood by its employees (Baloun, 2006, p, 27). The company as well provides the required resources that its staff can use to successfully achieve their tasks. Thus, the company is able to successful its HRM techniques in way that promotes the goals and objectives of the company of leading in innovation. Training and development at Facebook Despite that fact that training of employees is very important, the company expects its staff to learn by themselves so that they become more innovative. The company has adopted an open and transparent environment. The HRM at Facebook understands that it has the duty to ensure that its employees fully exploit their potential in a positive and safe environment. Accordingly the company has provided a large open space office that promotes innovation (Home-Designing, 2009), easier communication, and better use of time, as employees do not need to work a far to reach the management. This highly motivated the employees. Employees are encouraged to think outside the box and come up with new ideas. However, the management is very good and supportive of its employees. Recruitment and selection at Facebook Recruitment of workforce is a very important activity in any given organization. This entails selection, administr ation, evaluation and performance as well as staffing. As explained by Kotler (1996, p, 96) recruitment and selection helps a company to get the right people in terms of numbers, skills and competency that needed. In line with the mission of the company of discovering excellent talent and providing good working environment to its employees, Facebook Company recruits the smartest

CIA Article Review and Anaylsis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

CIA Article Review and Anaylsis - Term Paper Example eport on CIA Accountability with Respect to the 9/11 Attacks. The analysis is conducted with a view to identifying the intelligence process, models and sources of intelligence, and organizational functions and structures existing just prior to the 9/11 attacks. The analysis will also identify and analyse how the traditional intelligence cycle identified in the OIG’s Report, point to a need for an alternative intelligence analysis such as the target-centric analysis presented by Clark. In this regard, Clark’s target-centric analysis involves an intelligence process that brings together all stakeholders: consumers, analysts and those who collect intelligence for collaboration and cohesion against a common and complex enemy. The objective is to build a shared picture of the target from which all participants can extract the elements they need to do their job.5 By reference to the OIG’s Report and drawing on Clark’s target-centric analysis this study identifie s the main purpose of intelligence analysis and how intelligence analysis failed to meet its objective. II. OIG Report on CIA Accountability with Respect to the 9/11 Attacks: Summary Intelligence analysis is designed to aid officials such as policymakers, the military, law enforcement and all stakeholders to respond to and to more accurately predict threats to national security.6 However, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) failed to meet this objective with respect to the 9/11 attacks despite the fact that the organization had gathered on al-Qaeda operatives 20 months prior to the attack. The intelligence collected indicated that a terror attack was eminent.7 Following a joint inquiry with respect to the 9/11 terrorist attacks, Congress requested that the OIG conduct an investigation with a view to determining whether or not CIA officials and personnel in charge of intelligence gathering and analysis prior to and during 9/11 were and are responsible for failing to execute their d uties satisfactorily.8 As a result of its investigation, the OIG completed a report in 2005, although the report was not publically released until 2007 at which time only an executive summary of the report was released.9 The OIG’s report indicated that the CIA together with its personnel failed to execute their duties satisfactorily, although none of the relevant officers broke the law or acted in a way that involved â€Å"misconduct†.10 A review team, appointed by the OIG pursuant to the investigation concluded that although CIA officers throughout the organization worked aggressively with respect to al-Qaeda and Usama Bin Ladin, they â€Å"did not always work effectively and cooperatively†.11 The report goes on to state that the review team: ...found neither a â€Å"single point of failure† nor a â€Å"silver bullet† that would have enabled the Intelligence Community to predict or prevent the 9/11 attacks. The Team did find however, failure to im plement and manage important processes, failure to imple

Criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Criminology - Essay Example The thing is that the majority of crimes can be referred to the minor ones and that is why they simply may not be reported to the police. It is unreasonable to think that crimes occur extraordinary seldom, they happen all the time because it is a mundane thing. It is well-known that crime rate increases when under the following social disasters as: war, crisis, unemployment, famine etc. Despite this, the Routine activity theory proves that it is not always the case. For example, when the World War II was finished, the western states were flourishing, the standard of living was raising and the economy stabilized and showed good results. At the same time the crime rate increased drastically. Felson and Cohen explained this in the following way â€Å"the prosperity of contemporary society offers so much opportunities of crime: there is much more to steal† (Cohen and Felson, 1979 ). This theory has become the issue of disputes among criminalists and sociologists, the later believing that only social changes can bring about the increase or decrease of the crime rate. There are some types of crimes that can be perfectly explained with the help of Routine Theory. The first is the copyright infringement. It is understandable that such factors as the rate of unemployment and the society prosperity do not influence this type of crime. People usually commit it when they have an opportunity or sometimes because of unawareness. For, example, a person gets the handwriting of some scientific invention. He\she may take some ideas from it without signifying the original author. It happens because the opportunity arose or juncture happened. To such kinds of thefts can be referred the following ones: peer-to-peer file sharing, corporate crime and employee theft. There is a definite approach on crime prevention that originates from the Routine activity theory. Crime prevention Theory â€Å"focuses on reducing crime opportunities rather than on the

The Historical Evolution of Town and Country Planning in Australia and Internationally Essay Example for Free

The Historical Evolution of Town and Country Planning in Australia and Internationally Essay Despite the profession of planning being a relatively recent creation, Planning has existed in some form since the beginning of human settlement itself. Whether it is the ancient cities of the Old World or the global metropolises of today, every urban environments display some degree of planning in their design and function (Smith, 2007). However, just as cities have evolved over time, so to have the approaches taken to planning and the philosophies behind them. This evolution of Town and Country Planning forms a long and complex history which encompasses a wide breadth of ideas. Reflecting upon this history, several key movements can be identified: The origins of Planning in the 19th century, the Modernist era of the early 20th century and the Postmodernist era that followed. This paper will focus on these key movements. Historical Planning During the 19th century, cities were subject to increasing industrialization accompanied by rapid population growth and urban expansion. This lead to overcrowding, congestion, slums and lack of sanitation (Hall 1992). Growing public protest in the form of protests and labour strikes in countries like Britain led to the implementation of various reform measures such as the Public Health Act of 1848 and the Labouring Classes’ Dwellings Houses Act of 1866. These went some way to relieving these pressures (Maginn 2011) by setting minimal standards for health and housing, resulting in for increased living standards by the century’s end. During this time, planning was used mostly by private companies as a tool to increase productivity by improving the health of the working population (Cowan 2010). The higher living standards and economic prosperity this created lead to planning philosophy changing its focus from providing housing and improving cities to beautifying them (Bluestone M, 1988). This City Beautiful movement focused on civic beautification and the construction of monuments. The term ‘beautility’ was used to describe the theory that a beautiful city must also be functional one. (Freestone et al 2000) However, these changes led some to question if further improvements could be made. By the end of the 19th century, basic ideas about urban planning were well developed. These ideas had ‘underlying utopian aspirations that influenced the attitudes and procedures planners’ (Akoi, K 1993). The Garden City is possibly the best example of this, as an optimistic attempt to unite broad utopian ideals with the planning lessons of the past into a a specific plan. ( http://faculty. tamu-commerce. edu/jsun/racespaceplace. pdf) First outlined by Ebenezer Howard in To-Morrow (1898), the Garden City became a major force in the historical planning era that influenced planners worldwide. According to Hall 1992 (Hall 1992b), Howard argued that a new type of garden-city settlement could uniquely combine all the advantages of the town such as employment and access to services, as well as the advantages of country life, without any of the disadvantages of either. His proposal for creating such a settlement rested on the notion of decentralization, the movement of workers and their places of employment away from the city and into the new settlements isolated by wide greenbelts. Howard proposed the development of numerous Garden Cities, each with 30,000 inhabitants. Despite wide support from planners of the time, only two attempts were made at garden cities, Letchworth in 1903 and Welywyn in 1920, both of which never fully realized the goals of the movement. Mordernist Planning The Radiant City As the world entered the 20th century, planning philosophies evolved further. In Europe, Swiss-born architect Charles Edouard Jenneret, known as Le Corbusier, put forward radical planning proposals, which built on the ideas of Howard and his predecessors. Le Corbusier’s ideas and philosophies are contained in The City of tomorrow (1922) and The Radiant City (1933). These books outlined Le Courbuisers planning philosophies, centered around the idea of high density achieved through the construction of enormous skyscrapers, surrounded by open garden spaces and serviced by a highly efficient transport system of superhighways and railways grade separated from the inhabited realm (Hall 1993c). His proposals for a large-scale implementation of this phisosophy, outlined in his Plan Voisin Pour Paris, were never realized, though his ideas were implemented at a smaller scale around Europe in the postwar period following World War II, such as the Unite dHabitation in Marseilles. By the 1960’s many planners began to question the effectiveness of Le Corbusier’s proposals (Hall 1992d), and today many critics condemn his plans entirely, such as such as Dalrymple 2009 who views them as ‘soulless’ and ‘totalitarian’ in nature. However, it cannot be denied that his radical ideas had a major and lasting impact on the evolution of town and country planning (Hall 1992e). The Broadacre City While Le Corbusier was a proponent of density, American architect Frank Lloyd Wright was not. The two men were influenced by many of the same sources, but their visions were very different. Developed between 1932 and 1959, Broadacre City was a proposal for a sprawling city of large lots, farms and industry spread across the countryside serviced by network of superhighways (Brown 2007) While it was never built, Today’s critics have drawn parallels between it and the sprawling sub-urban expansion that defined the postwar reconstruction period in Australia and around the world. Postmodernist Planning Suburbia Thompson (2007) asserts that the postwar reconstruction of the 1950’s linked town and country planning with housing concerns to an extent not seen since planning’s beginnings in the 19th century. In Australia, master plans were created for cities, all of which reflected international planning philosophies of the time (Thompson 2007), supporting unlimited outward expansion, low-density residential development, car-oriented transport networks. In North America, this evolution was even more pronounced. Similar suburban developments were created, but on an unprecedented scale, with approximately 75 percent of North American housing stock built since World War II (Hirch 1983). These planning practices continued unabated until the 1970’s, when the effects of this planner began to be questioned (Thompson 2007). New Urbanism The end of the 20th century has seen the beginnings of yet another stage in the evolution of Town and Country Planning. Originating in the 1980’s, New Urbanism is a planning philosophy that promotes the construction of dense communities integrated with well-designed public spaces (Maginn 2011). According to Hikichi 2003, It promotes mixed residential unit types that are supportive of differing income levels, protection of the environment, less reliance on automobiles through he use of walking and bicycles for transport as well as the development of public transit and transit oriented development. In addition, New Urbanism supports having a town center that is within walking distance from all residential units that open space for public use. Conclusion It is clear that Town and Country Planning has a long and complex history, influenced by changing social, political, economic and environmental philosophies of both governments and private companies and planners. From its beginnings in 19th century Britain, through its modernist period and into its current postmodernist phase, planning has left both negative and positive impacts upon the urban environment. However, this history has not been ignored and planners of today utilize the lessons learnt from the planners of the past in order to plan as well as possible, as shown in the positive changes to planning practices as it has evolved. All approaches to planning have had a permanent impact on our urban environment, the results of which impact people today and will continue to do so into the future.